Ideological Contribution of Satoyamas
Ideological Contribution of Satoyamas
复制标题
里山的思想贡献
DOI：
10.1007/978-4-431-67861-8_1
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Yokohari
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Robert D. Brown;M. Yokohari
20 世纪人类利用世界景观的方式发生了巨大变化。人们现在几乎生活在地球上的每一个环境中，并影响着地球上的每一个环境。很快，真正的自然区域将所剩无几。虽然保护自然区域至关重要，但 21 世纪更重要的问题将是确定人们如何与自然环境和谐相处。本书通过回顾来思考未来的解决方案。几个世纪以来，日本农村出现了一种长期可持续的土地利用模式。里山景观系统是人与自然的和谐关系。里山景观的自然得到了管理，人类和自然都从这种管理中受益。随着人口不断增长，人们迁入以前无人居住的地区，我们需要像里山这样的成功原型作为定居点发展的模式，使人类和自然能够生存。栖息地改变并不是人类独有的特征；事实上，这在自然界中很常见。事实上，每个有机体都会改变其环境以使其有利。自然景观改造的例子包罗万象，从非洲白蚁建造无法穿透的土丘，到通过分泌对其他植物有毒的胡桃树来抵御竞争的黑胡桃树（Juglans nigra），再到北美的海狸（Castor canadensis），它们砍伐树木森林并建造洪水大片土地的水坝。受管理的景观可以拥有大量的生物多样性，并为景观马赛克增添重要的维度。相比之下，许多人类主导的环境几乎缺乏自然。这不是可持续发展的原型。相反，我们应该寻求以一种对双方都有利的方式将人类与自然融为一体。日本传统的里山风景正是做到了这一点。该系统是通过反复试验而设计出来的，作为在季风气候下的小山岛上生存的一种手段。日本是一个多自然灾害的国家。地震、火山爆发、暴雨、台风都是正常现象。日本的自然环境就是在这样的条件下发展起来的。作为一个结论-
The 20th century has seen dramatic changes in the way that humans use the landscapes of the world. People are now living in and affecting virtually every environment on earth. There will soon be few truly natural areas left. While it is crucial that we preserve the natural areas, an even more important issue for the 21st century will be to determine how people can live in harmony with the natural environment.This book considers solutions for the future by looking back. Over the centuries, a pattern of land use emerged in rural Japan that was sustainable over a long period of time. The satoyama landscape system was a harmonious relationship between humans and nature. The nature of the satoyama landscape was managed, and both humans and nature benefited from this management. As human populations continue to grow, and people move into previously unsettled areas, we need successful prototypes like satoyamas as patterns for the development of settlements that will allow both people and nature to survive. Habitat modification is not a uniquely human trait; in fact, it is quite common in nature. Virtually every organism modifies its environment to its advantage. Examples of natural landscape modifications include everything from African termites building impenetrable mounds, to black walnut trees (Juglans nigra) warding off competition by exudingjuglone, which is poisonous to other plants, to the beaver (Castor canadensis) of North America, which cuts down forests of trees and builds dams that flood large tracts of land. Managed landscapes can have a great deal of biodiversity and add an important dimension to the landscape mosaic. In contrast, many human-dominated environments are almost devoid of nature. This is not a prototype for sustainability. Rather, we should be seeking to integrate humans and nature in a manner that is beneficial to both. The traditional satoyama landscape of Japan did exactly that. The system was devised, through trial and error, as a means of surviving on small mountainous islands in a monsoon climate. Japan is a land of natural disasters. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, torrential rains, and typhoons are all normal occurrences. The natural environment of Japan developed under these conditions. As a conse-