Cancer microenvironment, inflammation and cancer stem cells: A hypothesis for a paradigm change and new targets in cancer control.
Cancer microenvironment, inflammation and cancer stem cells: A hypothesis for a paradigm change and new targets in cancer control.
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DOI：
10.4103/2152-7806.157890
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Blaylock RL
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文献类型：
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作者：
Blaylock RL
自从尼克松总统正式宣布通过《国家癌症法案》向癌症宣战以来，数十亿美元被投入到研究中，希望找到治疗癌症的方法。最近的综述指出，在接下来的42年里，主要癌症的癌症死亡率几乎没有变化。最近，几位研究人员基于最近关于癌症发生机制和癌症起源的发现，对流行的癌症范式提出了质疑。在过去的十年里，我们在这两个核心问题上学到了很多东西。细胞信号已经占据了中心位置，特别是在慢性炎症和癌症发展之间的联系方面。现在很明显，大量致癌剂的共同因素是控制炎症细胞信号通路的基因的激活，这些信号控制着癌症过程的方方面面。在这些途径中，对所有癌症来说最重要和最常见的是NFκB和STAT3途径。第二个至关重要的发现是，突变的干细胞似乎负责癌症的过程。大多数化疗药物和放射治疗会杀死癌症干细胞的子代细胞，其中许多细胞本身并不致癌。大多数癌症干细胞对常规治疗完全耐药，这解释了转移性肿瘤处于休眠状态和治愈率低的原因。越来越多的研究发现，几种多酚提取物可以杀死癌症干细胞和子细胞，并可以提高传统治疗的有效性和安全性。这些新发现为临床医生提供了一套全新的癌症控制和治疗目标。
Since President Nixon officially declared a war on cancer with the National Cancer Act, billions of dollars have been spent on research in hopes of finding a cure for cancer. Recent reviews have pointed out that over the ensuing 42 years, cancer death rates have barely changed for the major cancers. Recently, several researchers have questioned the prevailing cancer paradigm based on recent discoveries concerning the mechanism of carcinogenesis and the origins of cancer. Over the past decade we have learned a great deal concerning both of these central issues. Cell signaling has taken center stage, particularly as regards the links between chronic inflammation and cancer development. It is now evident that the common factor among a great number of carcinogenic agents is activation of genes controlling inflammation cell-signaling pathways and that these signals control all aspects of the cancer process. Of these pathways, the most important and common to all cancers is the NFκB and STAT3 pathways. The second discovery of critical importance is that mutated stem cells appear to be in charge of the cancer process. Most chemotherapy agents and radiotherapy kill daughter cells of the cancer stem cell, many of which are not tumorigenic themselves. Most cancer stem cells are completely resistant to conventional treatments, which explain dormancy and the poor cure rate with metastatic tumors. A growing number of studies are finding that several polyphenol extracts can kill cancer stem cells as well as daughter cells and can enhance the effectiveness and safety of conventional treatments. These new discoveries provide the clinician with a whole new set of targets for cancer control and cure.