PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES REVEAL UNEXPECTED PATTERNS IN THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE MODES IN FROGS
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES REVEAL UNEXPECTED PATTERNS IN THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE MODES IN FROGS
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01715.x
复制
发表时间：
2012-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Wiens, John J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gomez-Mestre, Ivan;Pyron, Robert Alexander;Wiens, John J.
理解表型多样性不仅需要识别有利于衍生状态起源的选择性因素，而且还需要识别有利于保留原始状态的因素。无尾两栖动物（青蛙和蟾蜍）表现出显着的多样性的生殖模式，是唯一的陆地脊椎动物。在这里，我们分析了这些模式的演变，使用比较方法的一个系统发育和匹配的生活史数据库的720种，包括大多数家庭和模式。正如预期的那样，陆生卵和水生幼虫的模式通常先于直接发育（陆生卵，没有蝌蚪阶段），但令人惊讶的是，直接发育几乎同样经常直接从水生繁殖中进化而来。模式与原始的外营养幼虫（喂养外的鸡蛋）经常引起直接开发，而那些与非喂养幼虫（内营养）不。同样地，将卵和幼虫放置在免受水生捕食者保护的位置的模式经常进化，但很少产生直接的开发者。因此，在直接发育的进化过程中，青蛙经常绕过许多看似中间的阶段。我们还发现陆地繁殖和减少窝卵数，较大的卵大小，减少成人大小，父母的照顾，并在潮湿和温暖的地区发生之间的显着关联。这些协会可能有助于解释水生卵和幼虫的广泛保留，以及无尾类繁殖模式的整体多样性。
Understanding phenotypic diversity requires not only identification of selective factors that favor origins of derived states, but also factors that favor retention of primitive states. Anurans (frogs and toads) exhibit a remarkable diversity of reproductive modes that is unique among terrestrial vertebrates. Here, we analyze the evolution of these modes, using comparative methods on a phylogeny and matched life-history database of 720 species, including most families and modes. As expected, modes with terrestrial eggs and aquatic larvae often precede direct development (terrestrial egg, no tadpole stage), but surprisingly, direct development evolves directly from aquatic breeding nearly as often. Modes with primitive exotrophic larvae (feeding outside the egg) frequently give rise to direct developers, whereas those with nonfeeding larvae (endotrophic) do not. Similarly, modes with eggs and larvae placed in locations protected from aquatic predators evolve frequently but rarely give rise to direct developers. Thus, frogs frequently bypass many seemingly intermediate stages in the evolution of direct development. We also find significant associations between terrestrial reproduction and reduced clutch size, larger egg size, reduced adult size, parental care, and occurrence in wetter and warmer regions. These associations may help explain the widespread retention of aquatic eggs and larvae, and the overall diversity of anuran reproductive modes.