ADAPTATION, CONSTRAINT, AND COMPROMISE IN AVIAN POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT
ADAPTATION, CONSTRAINT, AND COMPROMISE IN AVIAN POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-185x.1979.tb01013.x
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发表时间：
1979-01-01
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
RICKLEFS, RE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
RICKLEFS, RE
1. 本文讨论了影响生长速率演化的因素，并确定了其在鸟类物种间的差异。生长速度通过时间、能量和营养的使用与进化适应性有关。此外，有利于快速生长和有利于缓慢生长的因素之间的平衡可以直接通过实验和比较观察来研究。David Lack（1968）提出幼体的生长速度是选择快速生长以减少发育的脆弱期和选择缓慢生长以减少幼体的能量需求之间的最佳平衡。为了验证拉克的假设，研究人员从文献中广泛调查了鸟类的生长速度，通过将s型方程拟合到与体重和年龄有关的曲线上来估计鸟类的生长速度。在所调查的所有物种中，生长速率与成虫体重呈负相关。在体型相似的鸟类中，生长速率的大部分变化与幼鸟的成熟程度有关。晚熟的雏鸟依靠父母提供食物和温暖，比早熟的雏鸟生长得更快，早熟的雏鸟在孵化后不久就能自给自足。拉克的假设，预测增长率和死亡率之间的直接关系，没有得到支持。我认为理解鸟类生长速率变化的关键在于细胞增殖或细胞生长速率与成熟功能获得之间的平衡。这一观点与细胞生物学和发育生物学的原理是一致的。通过比较(a)不同物种的新生儿，(b)发育过程中的个体，以及(c)在不同发育阶段获得使用的组织，其中较成熟的个体或组织比功能较不发达的个体或组织生长得更慢。被分类为半早熟的鸟类发育早熟，但生长迅速。虽然这些似乎违反了有关生长速度和早熟的一般规律，但仔细观察它们的发育就会发现，它们也支持这一规律。在燕鸥中，腿作为早熟发育的关键器官，以预期的缓慢速度生长。5 .由于腿的生长增量小，而且完成得快，所以整个身体生长得很快。早熟鸟的生长速度在孵化时不会突然下降。这更多地表明，组织分化是渐进的，而不是能量的获取和分配模式是生长速度的主要控制因素。当雏鸟能够自我喂养，或者食物供应距离下一个地点很远，并且从一个地方到另一个地方的旅行时间很长时，雏鸟的早熟发育是有利的。幼崽的早熟使父母双方都可以在遥远的食物来源觅食。一些饲料中蛋白质或其他营养素含量较低的物种可能生长缓慢，以使营养需求与其在饲料中的可用性相匹配。这种模式在以油性食物喂养幼鸟的原伞虫和以水果为食的热带鸟类中尤为明显。一些热带、远洋喂养的海鸟一次只养育一个后代，可能无法获得足够的食物来支持雏鸟的快速生长。对这些物种生长缓慢的另一种解释包括难以获得必需的营养物质，以及与生长更快的相关物种相比，它们的活动发育更早。
1. This paper discusses factors that influence the evolution of growth rate and determine its variation among species of birds. Growth rate is related to evolutionary fitness through the use of time, energy, and nutrients. In addition, balances between factors favouring rapid growth and those favouring slow growth may be investigated directly by experiment and by comparative observation.2. David Lack (1968) proposed that the growth rate of the young is the optimum balance between selection for rapid growth to reduce the vulnerable period of development and selection for slow growth to reduce the energy requirements of the young.3. To test Lack's hypothesis, the growth rates of birds, estimated by fitting sigmoid equations to curves relating weight to age, were surveyed widely from the literature. Among all species examined, growth rate was inversely related to adult weight. Among birds of similar size, most variation in growth rate was related to the degree of maturity of the neonate. Altricial chicks, which depend upon their parents for food and warmth, grow more rapidly than precocial chicks, which are self‐sufficient shortly after hatching. Lack's hypothesis, which predicts a direct relationship between growth rate and mortality rate, was not supported.4. I propose that the key to understanding variation in growth rate among birds lies in the balance between rate of cell proliferation or cell growth, on one hand, and acquisition of mature function, on the other. This idea is consistent with principles of cellular and developmental biology. It is supported by comparisons of (a) the neonates of different species, (b) the individual over the course of the developmental period, and (c) tissues whose use is acquired at different stages of development, wherein more mature individuals or tissues grow more slowly than those with less developed function.5. Species of birds that are classified as semi‐precocial develop precocially but grow rapidly. Although these seemingly violate the general rule relating growth rate to precocity, a closer inspection of their development reveals that they too support the rule. In the Common Tern, the legs, which are the key organ in precocial development, grow at the expected slow rate. The body as a whole grows rapidly because the growth increment of the legs is small and their growth is completed quickly.6. Growth rates of precocial birds do not decrease abruptly at hatching. This points more to gradual tissue differentiation than to the pattern of procurement and allocation of energy as the primary control for growth rate.7. Precocious development is favoured when the chicks are capable of self‐feeding or when food supplies are distant from the next site and travelling time between one and the other is long. Precocity of the neonates frees both parents to feed at a distant food source.8. Some species having diets with low levels of protein or other nutrients may grow slowly in order to match nutrient requirements to their availability in the diet. This pattern is indicated especially among the Procellariiformes, which feed an oily diet to their young, and also among tropical fruit‐eating birds.9. Some tropical, pelagically‐feeding sea‐birds that rear only one offspring at a time may not be able to procure food sufficient to support rapid chick growth. Alternative explanations for slow growth among these species include difficulty in obtaining essential nutrients and more precocious development of activity than in related species having more rapid growth.