Simulator Validity: Behaviors Observed on the Simulator and on the Road
Simulator Validity: Behaviors Observed on the Simulator and on the Road
复制标题
模拟器有效性：在模拟器和道路上观察到的行为
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Bédard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nadia W. Mullen;J. Charlton;Anna Devlin;M. Bédard
驾驶模拟器为在道路上测量驾驶性能提供了一种安全、方便的替代方案。然而，如果模拟器缺乏行为效度，模拟器研究的结果可能不会推广到现实世界中的驾驶。行为有效性指的是模拟器在多大程度上诱导出与现实世界中驾驶时相同的驾驶行为。验证对于生成和维护模拟器的使用、接受度和可信度非常重要，当模拟器的性能影响真实世界的结果时，验证至关重要，例如道路或车辆设计，或者司机是否保留驾照。评价模拟器行为有效性的研究表明，模拟器提供了一种有效的工具来评估各种驾驶性能指标，如速度、侧向位置、刹车启动、注意力分散和危险交通行为。模拟器似乎对年龄相关的驾驶表现和认知变化也很敏感。除了驾驶能力等影响有效性的因素外，还讨论了模拟器看起来无效的措施。总体而言，本章回顾的证据表明，模拟器驾驶行为接近(相对有效性)，但并不完全复制(绝对有效性)道路驾驶行为。这足以满足使用模拟器的大多数研究、培训和评估目的。然而，在需要绝对值的情况下，通常需要采取道路措施。验证性研究涉及诸如研究问题、任务条件和相关测量等因素的考虑，这些因素中的每一个都会影响有效性。作者讨论了这些方法论方面的考虑，以及用于确定有效性的统计技术。关于驾驶模拟器有效性的假设严重依赖于比较驾驶行为的特定实验条件。模拟器设备、软件和环境之间的差异可能会影响验证结果的概括性。因此，每个模拟器都应该经过验证，以确定它是否有能力测量要使用它的队列的驾驶行为。
Driving simulators offer a safe, convenient alternative to measuring driving performance on-road. However, the results of simulator studies may not generalize to driving in the real world if the simulator lacks behavioral validity. Behavioral validity refers to the extent to which the simulator elicits the same driving behaviors that occur when driving in the real world. Validation is important to generate and maintain simulator use, acceptance, and credibility, and is vital when simulator performance influences real-world outcomes, such as road or vehicle design, or whether drivers retain their license. A review of studies evaluating the behavioral validity of simulators showed that simulators provide a valid tool for assessing a variety of driving performance measures such as speed, lateral position, brake onset, divided attention, and risky traffic behaviors. Simulators also appear sensitive to age-related changes in driving performance and cognition. Measures for which simulators do not appear valid are discussed, in addition to factors influencing validity, such as driving ability. Overall, the evidence reviewed in this chapter indicates that simulator driving behavior approximates (relative validity), but does not exactly replicate (absolute validity), on-road driving behavior. This is sufficient for the majority of research, training, and assessment purposes for which simulators are used. However, where absolute values are required, on-road measures will generally be necessary. Validation studies involve consideration of factors such as the research question, task conditions, and dependent measures, each of which can affect validity. The authors discuss these methodological considerations, as well as statistical techniques used to establish validity. Assumptions about driving simulator validity are critically dependent on the specific experimental conditions under which the driving behaviors are compared. Variations across simulator equipment, software, and environment may affect the generalizability of validation results. Therefore, each simulator should be validated for its ability to measure the driving behavior of the cohort for which it is to be used.