Reviving the Ganges Water Machine: potential
Reviving the Ganges Water Machine: potential
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复兴恒河水机：潜力
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Jain
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
U. Amarasinghe;L. Muthuwatta;L. Surinaidu;S. Anand;S. Jain
摘要。恒河流域因供需不匹配而面临严峻的水资源挑战。尽管该盆地拥有丰富的地表水和地下水资源，但季节性季风导致供需不匹配以及洪水泛滥。在季风季节的3-4个月（6 - 9月），可用水量和洪水潜力很高。然而，最高的需求发生在非季风期的8-9个月（10 - 5月）。解决这种不匹配的问题，可能会随着需求的增加而增加，需要大量额外的储存，以减少洪水和改善供水。由于水文地质、环境和社会的限制，恒河流域地表储藏量的扩大存在问题。长期以来，人们一直将关注地下水储存（SSS）和加速地表水与地下水交换的一系列干预措施称为恒河水机（GWM）。GWM提供这种SSS的方法是在季风季节开始之前通过额外的抽水和耗尽地下水资源，并通过季风地表径流补充SSS。产生这种SSS的一个重要条件是水需求未满足的程度。研究表明，在两种不同的灌溉用水情景下，潜在的未满足需水量在59 ~ 124bm3年−1之间：(i)增加印度拉比（11月至3月）和炎热季节（4月至5月）以及孟加拉国阿曼（7月至11月）和博罗（12月至5月）季节对整个可灌溉区的灌溉，以及（ii）为印度拉比和炎热季节以及孟加拉国阿曼和博罗季节的整个作物地区提供灌溉。然而，恒河流域北部和东部只有7个子流域实现未满足灌溉需求的潜力较高，中部有11个子流域实现潜力中等至较低，西部有4个子流域实现潜力很小或没有潜力。总体而言，恢复GWM计划有可能满足45-84 Bm3年的未满足水需求。
Abstract. The Ganges River basin faces severe water challenges related to a mismatch between supply and demand. Although the basin has abundant surface water and groundwater resources, the seasonal monsoon causes a mismatch between supply and demand as well as flooding. Water availability and flood potential is high during the 3–4 months (June–September) of the monsoon season. Yet, the highest demands occur during the 8–9 months (October–May) of the non-monsoon period. Addressing this mismatch, which is likely to increase with increasing demand, requires substantial additional storage for both flood reduction and improvements in water supply. Due to hydrogeological, environmental, and social constraints, expansion of surface storage in the Ganges River basin is problematic. A range of interventions that focus more on the use of subsurface storage (SSS), and on the acceleration of surface–subsurface water exchange, has long been known as the Ganges Water Machine (GWM). The approach of the GWM for providing such SSS is through additional pumping and depleting of the groundwater resources prior to the onset of the monsoon season and recharging the SSS through monsoon surface runoff. An important condition for creating such SSS is the degree of unmet water demand. The paper shows that the potential unmet water demand ranging from 59 to 124 Bm3 year−1 exists under two different irrigation water use scenarios: (i) to increase irrigation in the Rabi (November–March) and hot weather (April–May) seasons in India, and the Aman (July–November) and Boro (December–May) seasons in Bangladesh, to the entire irrigable area, and (ii) to provide irrigation to Rabi and the hot weather season in India and the Aman and Boro seasons in Bangladesh to the entire cropped area. However, the potential for realizing the unmet irrigation demand is high only in 7 sub-basins in the northern and eastern parts, is moderate to low in 11 sub-basins in the middle, and has little or no potential in 4 sub-basins in the western part of the Ganges basin. Overall, a revived GWM plan has the potential to meet 45–84 Bm3 year−1 of unmet water demand.