Costs and Benefits of Eyewitness Identification Reform: Psychological Science and Public Policy
Costs and Benefits of Eyewitness Identification Reform: Psychological Science and Public Policy
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DOI：
10.1177/1745691612439584
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发表时间：
2012-05-01
影响因子：
12.6
通讯作者：
Clark, Steven E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clark, Steven E.
心理科学在法律的体系中发挥着越来越重要的作用，它通过专家证词向法庭提供信息，并塑造公共政策。近年来，心理学研究推动了一场改革警察获取目击证人身份证据的程序的运动。这一改革运动部分是基于这样一种论点，即建议的程序减少了错误识别的风险，而正确识别率几乎没有减少。然而，对实证文献的回顾对这种无成本观点提出了挑战。只有一个例外，目击者辨认程序的改变减少了错误辨认无辜者的风险，也减少了正确辨认罪犯的可能性。这意味着罪犯可能会因为保护无辜者的程序而逃脱起诉，这使得政策决定比无成本观点下的决策复杂得多。这些成本（正确识别丢失）和好处（避免错误识别）的证明价值和预期效用方面进行了讨论。
Psychological science has come to play an increasingly important role in the legal system by informing the court through expert testimony and by shaping public policy. In recent years, psychological research has driven a movement to reform the procedures that police use to obtain eyewitness identification evidence. This reform movement has been based in part on an argument suggesting that recommended procedures reduce the risk of false identifications with little or no reduction in the rate of correct identifications. A review of the empirical literature, however, challenges this no-cost view. With only one exception, changes in eyewitness identification procedures that reduce the risk of false identification of the innocent also reduce the likelihood of correct identification of the guilty. The implication that criminals may escape prosecution as a result of procedures implemented to protect the innocent makes policy decisions far more complicated than they would otherwise be under the no-cost view. These costs (correct identifications lost) and benefits (false identifications avoided) are discussed in terms of probative value and expected utility.