The nose revisited: A brief review of the comparative structure, function, and toxicologic pathology of the nasal epithelium
The nose revisited: A brief review of the comparative structure, function, and toxicologic pathology of the nasal epithelium
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DOI：
10.1080/01926230600713475
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Wagner, James G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harkema, Jack R.;Carey, Stephan A.;Wagner, James G.
鼻子是一个非常复杂的器官，具有多种功能，不仅包括嗅觉，还包括条件反射（例如。例如，在一个实施例中，加热、加热和过滤）。鼻子也是一个“洗涤塔”，可以清除吸入的化学物质，这些化学物质可能对下气管支气管气道和肺实质中更敏感的组织有害。由于鼻气道也可能是许多吸入毒物的主要靶点，因此了解吸入毒理学研究中常用的实验室动物鼻结构和功能的比较方面以及这些哺乳动物物种的鼻组织和细胞如何对吸入毒物作出反应是很重要的。鼻腔通道的表面上皮通常是鼻中第一个被吸入的有毒物质直接损伤的组织。哺乳动物的鼻道有五种形态和功能不同的上皮细胞--嗅觉、呼吸、鳞状、移行和淋巴上皮细胞--每种鼻上皮细胞都可能被吸入的毒物损伤。实验室动物（和人类）鼻道中毒物诱导的上皮病变通常具有部位特异性，并取决于吸入化学品的鼻内区域剂量和鼻上皮组织对特定化学品的敏感性。在这篇简短的综述中，我们提出了非肿瘤性上皮病变的例子（如。例如，在一个实施例中，细胞死亡、增生、化生）。此外，我们还提供了鼻地图如何用于记录实验室动物鼻气道中毒物诱导的上皮损伤的特征、程度和分布的示例。鼻组织病理学（或鼻粘膜的分子和生化改变）的鼻内映射可与创新剂量测定模型一起沿着使用，以确定剂量/反应关系，并了解部位特异性病变是否主要由气流、组织敏感性或其他毒性机制驱动。本综述提供了一个简要的概述比较鼻结构，功能和毒理病理学的哺乳动物鼻上皮细胞和简要讨论如何从动物毒理学研究的数据已被用来估计吸入化学品对人类健康的风险。
The nose is a very complex organ with multiple functions that include not only olfaction, but also the conditioning ( e. g., humidifying, warming, and filtering) of inhaled air. The nose is also a "scrubbing tower" that removes inhaled chemicals that may be harmful to the more sensitive tissues in the lower tracheobronchial airways and pulmonary parenchyma. Because the nasal airway may also be a prime target for many inhaled toxicants, it is important to understand the comparative aspects of nasal structure and function among laboratory animals commonly used in inhalation toxicology studies, and how nasal tissues and cells in these mammalian species may respond to inhaled toxicants. The surface epithelium lining the nasal passages is often the first tissue in the nose to be directly injured by inhaled toxicants. Five morphologically and functionally distinct epithelia line the mammalian nasal passages - olfactory, respiratory, squamous, transitional, and lymphoepithelial - and each nasal epithelium may be injured by an inhaled toxicant. Toxicant-induced epithelial lesions in the nasal passages of laboratory animals (and humans) are often site-specific and dependent on the intranasal regional dose of the inhaled chemical and the sensitivity of the nasal epithelial tissue to the specific chemical. In this brief review, we present examples of nonneoplastic epithelial lesions (e. g., cell death, hyperplasia, metaplasia) caused by single or repeated exposure to various inhaled chemical toxicants. In addition, we provide examples of how nasal maps may be used to record the character, magnitude and distribution of toxicant-induced epithelial injury in the nasal airways of laboratory animals. Intranasal mapping of nasal histopathology (or molecular and biochemical alterations to the nasal mucosa) may be used along with innovative dosimetric models to determine dose/response relationships and to understand if site-specific lesions are driven primarily by airflow, by tissue sensitivity, or by another mechanism of toxicity. The present review provides a brief overview of comparative nasal structure, function and toxicologic pathology of the mammalian nasal epithelium and a brief discussion on how data from animal toxicology studies have been used to estimate the risk of inhaled chemicals to human health.