Interactions between prenatal maternal effects and posthatching conditions in a wild bird population
Interactions between prenatal maternal effects and posthatching conditions in a wild bird population
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DOI：
10.1093/beheco/aru149
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发表时间：
2014-11-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Tschirren, Barbara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Giordano, Marta;Groothuis, Ton G. G.;Tschirren, Barbara
母亲在出生前提供的资源和线索是发育可塑性的重要中介。有人提出，这种产前母体效应的适应价值可能取决于后代出生后遇到的环境，并且当母亲和子女遇到的环境条件匹配时，后代的表现可能比发生不匹配时更好。在这里，我们通过控制产卵前母亲所经历的食物供应，部分地在巢之间交叉养育雏鸟，以及在孵化后操纵食物供应，来测试产前母体效应和出生后条件如何相互作用影响野生大山雀(Parus Main)的后代生长和发育。我们观察到出生前和出生后的食物条件之间存在显著的交互作用。没有添加食物的雏鸟达到了类似的羽毛质量，这一特征与雏鸟在羽化后的存活密切相关，因为当它们的亲生母亲在产卵期间获得了额外的食物时，添加了食物的雏鸟。这表明，产前母体投资可以补偿孵化后的生长限制条件。这种影响是性别相关的，女儿比儿子受益更多。此外，当它们的亲生母亲在产卵期间没有收到额外的食物时，补充食物的雏鸟会变得最大，这表明后代在产前就被准备好了，可能是通过不同的鸡蛋组成，以更有效地利用资源。然而，我们没有发现证据表明，当出生前和出生后的食物条件匹配时，后代的表现通常比不匹配时更好。我们的结果表明，在测试自然种群中出生前母体效应的生态和进化后果时，考虑出生后环境的重要性。鸟妈妈通过蛋转移的资源有助于减少出生后恶劣环境的负面后果。此外，在产卵期间遇到恶劣环境条件的母亲会让她们的后代在以后的生活中更有效地利用可用的资源。我们的研究表明，出生前遇到的环境可能会对后代的表现以及动物与环境互动的方式产生重要的长期影响。
Resources and cues provided by the mother before birth are important mediators of developmental plasticity. It has been suggested that the adaptive value of such prenatal maternal effects may depend on the environment encountered by the offspring after birth, and that offspring may perform better when environmental conditions encountered by the mother and the offspring match, than when a mismatch occurs. Here, we test how prenatal maternal effects and postnatal conditions interact in influencing offspring growth and development in wild-living great tits (Parus major) by manipulating food availability experienced by the mother before egg laying, partially cross-fostering nestlings between nests, and manipulating food availability after hatching. We observed significant interaction effects between pre- and postnatal food conditions. Nonsupplemented nestlings reached a similar fledging mass, a trait closely linked to postfledging survival, as food-supplemented nestlings when their biological mother had received extra food during egg laying. It shows that prenatal maternal investment can compensate for growth-limiting conditions after hatching. This effect was sex specific, with daughters benefiting more than sons. Furthermore, food-supplemented nestlings grew largest when their biological mother had not received extra food during egg laying, suggesting that offspring were primed prenatally, possibly through differential egg composition, to use resources more efficiently. However, we found no evidence that offspring performed generally better when pre- and postnatal food conditions matched than when a mismatch occurred. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering the postnatal environment when testing for the ecological and evolutionary consequences of prenatal maternal effects in natural populations.Resources transferred by the bird mother via the egg help to reduce the negative consequences of a harsh environment after birth. Furthermore, mothers encountering harsh environmental conditions during egg laying prime their offspring to use available resources more efficiently later in life. Our study shows that the environment encountered before birth can have important long-term consequences on offspring performance and the way animals interact with their environment.