What we know now about bias and intergroup conflict, the problem of the century
What we know now about bias and intergroup conflict, the problem of the century
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/1467-8721.00183
复制
发表时间：
2002-08-01
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
Fiske, ST
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fiske, ST
经过近一个世纪的研究，心理学家现在对群体间的偏见和冲突了解多少？大多数人都会表现出无意识的、微妙的偏见，这些偏见是相对自动的、冷静的、间接的、模棱两可的和矛盾的。微妙的偏见是普通歧视的基础：对自己的内部群体感到舒服，加上对外部群体的排斥和避免。这种偏见源于文化理想与文化偏见之间的内在冲突。少数人，极端分子，确实怀有更有意识、更激烈、更直接和更明确的公然偏见。公然的偏见是包括仇恨犯罪在内的攻击性的基础。在一个被认为是等级森严和危险的世界里，这种偏见源于人们对经济和价值观的群体间冲突。教育、经济机会和建设性的群体间接触减少了微妙和公然的偏见。
After nearly a century's study, what do psychologists now know about intergroup bias and conflict? Most people reveal unconscious, subtle biases, which are relatively automatic, cool, indirect, ambiguous, and ambivalent. Subtle biases underlie ordinary discrimination: comfort with one's own in–group, plus exclusion and avoidance of out–groups. Such biases result from internal conflict between cultural ideals and cultural biases. A small minority of people, extremists, do harbor blatant biases that are more conscious, hot, direct, and unambiguous. Blatant biases underlie aggression, including hate crimes. Such biases result from perceived intergroup conflict over economics and values, in a world perceived to be hierarchical and dangerous. Reduction of both subtle and blatant bias results from education, economic opportunity, and constructive intergroup contact.