Elevated level of carbon dioxide affects metabolism and shell formation in oysters Crassostrea virginica
Elevated level of carbon dioxide affects metabolism and shell formation in oysters Crassostrea virginica
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DOI：
10.3354/meps08841
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Sokolova, Inna M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beniash, Elia;Ivanina, Anna;Sokolova, Inna M.
河口生物暴露于生物二氧化碳（CO2）产生所驱动的海水pH值的周期性强烈波动，这可能在未来因与全球CO2上升相关的海洋酸化而进一步加剧。预期软体动物等产生碳酸钙的海洋物种易受河口沃茨酸化的影响，因为二氧化碳浓度升高和pH值降低导致海水中碳酸钙饱和度降低，可能影响生物矿化作用。我们的研究表明，增加CO2分压（pCO（2））在海水中和相关的pH值下降的环境相关范围内的河口有负面影响的生理，壳沉积率和机械性能的东部牡蛎Crassostrea virginica（Gmelin）的外壳。与对照条件（pH值近似于8.2，pCO（2）近似于380 mu atm）相比，高CO2水平（pH值近似于7.5，pCO（2）近似于3500 mu atm）导致幼鱼死亡率显著增加，并抑制贝壳和软体动物生长。此外，CO2浓度升高导致牡蛎幼体的标准代谢率较高，可能是由于体内平衡的能量成本较高。高CO2条件也导致了壳的超微结构和机械性能的变化，包括增加厚度的方解石板条内的下层和壳的硬度和断裂韧性降低，表明CO2水平升高的生物矿化过程中有负面影响。这些数据强烈表明，二氧化碳的上升可能会影响海洋钙化生物（如东部牡蛎）的生理和生物矿化，威胁它们的生存，并可能导致河口生态系统产生深远的生态和经济影响。
Estuarine organisms are exposed to periodic strong fluctuations in seawater pH driven by biological carbon dioxide (CO2) production, which may in the future be further exacerbated by the ocean acidification associated with the global rise in CO2. Calcium carbonate-producing marine species such as mollusks are expected to be vulnerable to acidification of estuarine waters, since elevated CO2 concentration and lower pH lead to a decrease in the degree of saturation of water with respect to calcium carbonate, potentially affecting biomineralization. Our study demonstrates that the increase in CO2 partial pressure (pCO(2)) in seawater and associated decrease in pH within the environmentally relevant range for estuaries have negative effects on physiology, rates of shell deposition and mechanical properties of the shells of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). High CO2 levels (pH similar to 7.5, pCO(2) similar to 3500 mu atm) caused significant increases in juvenile mortality rates and inhibited both shell and soft-body growth compared to the control conditions (pH similar to 8.2, pCO(2) similar to 380 mu atm). Furthermore, elevated CO2 concentrations resulted in higher standard metabolic rates in oyster juveniles, likely due to the higher energy cost of homeostasis. The high CO2 conditions also led to changes in the ultrastructure and mechanical properties of shells, including increased thickness of the calcite laths within the hypostracum and reduced hardness and fracture toughness of the shells, indicating that elevated CO2 levels have negative effects on the biomineralization process. These data strongly suggest that the rise in CO2 can impact physiology and biomineralization in marine calcifiers such as eastern oysters, threatening their survival and potentially leading to profound ecological and economic impacts in estuarine ecosystems.