Evidence for a role of corticopetal, noradrenergic systems in the development of executive function.
Evidence for a role of corticopetal, noradrenergic systems in the development of executive function.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.nlm.2017.02.011
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发表时间：
2017-09-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
McGaughy, Jill A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mokler, David J;Miller, Christine E;McGaughy, Jill A
青春期是执行功能的许多方面正在成熟的时期。许多文献都集中在皮层下和皮层发育之间的差异，假设导致过度处理的强化相关的刺激不受完全成熟的反应抑制。具体而言，已提出终止于丘脑核的皮质下多巴胺能系统的成熟发生在皮质多巴胺能系统完全成熟之前。然而，越来越多的证据支持这一假设，即认知控制的许多方面与皮质去甲肾上腺素能系统密切相关，用于治疗执行功能障碍（例如ADHD）的药物的有效性可能主要来自皮质去甲肾上腺素（NE）的增加，并且皮质去甲肾上腺素能系统在青春期成熟。然而，很少有人注意到这个系统在青春期的发展或其对执行功能的影响。在本文中，我们讨论了前脑去甲肾上腺素能系统的发展轨迹，突出去甲肾上腺素能和多巴胺能系统之间的相互作用，并强调了未成熟的皮质去甲肾上腺素能系统在个体发育的几个方面的执行功能的贡献。最后，我们比较了青春期大鼠的数据后收集的选择性耗尽NE的前额叶皮层的子区域，强调NE损伤大鼠和青少年的表现的相似性。
Adolescence is a period during which many aspects of executive function are maturing. Much of the literature has focused on discrepancies between sub-cortical and cortical development that is hypothesized to lead to over-processing of reinforcement related stimuli unchecked by fully matured response inhibition. Specifically, maturation of sub-cortical dopaminergic systems that terminate in the nucleus accumbens has been suggested to occur prior to the full maturation of corticopetal dopaminergic systems. However, converging evidence supports the hypothesis that many aspects of cognitive control are critically linked to cortical noradrenergic systems, that the effectiveness of drugs used to treat disorders of executive function, e.g. ADHD, may result primarily from increases in cortical norepinephrine (NE) and that cortical noradrenergic systems mature across adolescence. However, little attention has been given to the development of this system during adolescence or to its influence in executive function. In the present paper, we discuss the developmental trajectory of the noradrenergic system of the forebrain, highlight the interactions between noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems, and highlight the contribution of the immature corticopetal noradrenergic systems in the ontogeny of several aspects of executive function. Finally we compare data from adolescent rats to those gathered after selective depletion of NE in sub-regions of the prefrontal cortex with an emphasis on the similarities in performance of NE lesioned rats and adolescents.