Core and Surface Characteristics for the Description and Theory of Personality Differences and Development
Core and Surface Characteristics for the Description and Theory of Personality Differences and Development
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DOI：
10.1002/per.1952
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发表时间：
2014-05-01
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
McAdams, Dan P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kandler, Christian;Zimmermann, Julia;McAdams, Dan P.
个性的个体差异通常是基于一小部分维度核心特征来描述的，这些特征通常被定义为在不同时间和情况下基本一致的思想，情感和行为模式。一些理论方法甚至认为它们为所谓的表面特征（如自我相关评价、社会态度、价值观、目标或兴趣）的个体差异提供了生物学基础，这些表面特征通常被假设为比核心特征更不稳定或更具环境可塑性。我们通过回顾关于潜在的核心和表面特征的发现来检验这些假设，这些发现基于四个标准：（i）个体差异的稳定性水平;（ii）遗传力水平;（iii）因果关系的方向;和（iv）共享的遗传方差。从我们的审查结果提出了严重的问题，标签的一些集的结构作为核心或表面特征的人格。虽然某些维度-通常被标记为基本特征（e。G.外倾性）-与更具体的特征有系统的联系（例如，G.社会态度和兴趣），所谓的基本特征似乎并没有提供一个必要的基础（即。e.更稳定和遗传锚定的来源）。我们主张成年后人格的整合模式。版权所有（C）2014欧洲人格心理学协会
Individual differences in personality are often described on the basis of a small set of dimensional core characteristics that are commonly defined as largely consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions across time and situations. Some theoretical approaches even consider them to provide the biologically founded basis for individual differences in so-called surface characteristics such as self-related evaluations, social attitudes, values, goals or interests, which are commonly hypothesized to be less stable or more environmentally malleable than core characteristics. We examine these hypotheses by reviewing findings about potential core and surface characteristics on the basis of four criteria: (i) level of stability in individual differences; (ii) level of heritability; (iii) direction of causation; and (iv) shared genetic variance. The results from our review call into serious question the labelling of some sets of constructs as either core or surface characteristics of personality. Although certain dimensions-often labelled as basic traits (e. g. extraversion)-are systematically linked to more specific characteristics (e. g. social attitudes and interests), the so-called basic traits do not appear to provide an essential basis (i. e. the more stable and genetically anchored source) for these characteristics. We argue for more integrative models of personality in adulthood. Copyright (C) 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology