I'm SPARTACUS, No, I'm SPARTACUS: Proactively Protecting Users from Phishing by Intentionally Triggering Cloaking Behavior

I'm SPARTACUS, No, I'm SPARTACUS: Proactively Protecting Users from Phishing by Intentionally Triggering Cloaking Behavior
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我是斯巴达克斯,不,我是斯巴达克斯:通过故意触发伪装行为主动保护用户免受网络钓鱼

DOI:
10.1145/3548606.3559334
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
CCS '22: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Shoshitaishvili, Yan
Shoshitaishvili, Yan
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Zhang, Penghui;Sun, Zhibo;Kyung, Sukwha;Behrens, Hans Walter;Basque, Zion Leonahenahe;Cho, Haehyun;Oest, Adam;Wang, Ruoyu;Bao, Tiffany;Shoshitaishvili, Yan

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网络钓鱼是一种无处不在且日益复杂的在线威胁。为了逃避缓解措施,网络钓鱼者试图从防御者那里“隐藏”恶意内容,以延迟它们出现在黑名单上,同时仍然向受害者呈现网络钓鱼有效载荷。这个猫捉老鼠的游戏是可变的,快速移动的,有许多不同的伪装方法-我们构建了一个数据集,识别了2,933个实现伪装机制的真实网络钓鱼工具包。这些工具包使用来自主机,浏览器和HTTP请求的信息来将流量分类为反网络钓鱼实体或潜在受害者,并相应地改变其行为。在这项工作中,我们提出了SPARTACUS,一种通过将用户流量伪装为反网络钓鱼实体来颠覆网络钓鱼现状的技术。这些故意的误报会触发网络钓鱼工具包中的伪装行为,从而隐藏恶意负载并保护用户,而不会破坏良性网站。为了评估这种方法的有效性,我们在2020年11月至2021年7月期间将SPARTACUS部署为浏览器扩展。在此期间,SPARTACUS浏览器访问了160,728个报告的网络钓鱼URL。其中,SPARTACUS保护了132,274个位点(82.3%)。向SPARTACUS显示恶意内容的网络钓鱼工具包通常是由于无效的伪装而这样做的-其余的大多数(98.4%)被传统的反网络钓鱼系统(如Google安全浏览或VirusTotal)检测到,并且无论如何都会被列入黑名单。我们进一步评估了SPARTACUS对Alexa Top One Million List中的良性网站对延迟,可访问性,布局和CPU开销的影响,发现性能损失最小,功能没有损失。
Phishing is a ubiquitous and increasingly sophisticated online threat. To evade mitigations, phishers try to "cloak" malicious content from defenders to delay their appearance on blacklists, while still presenting the phishing payload to victims. This cat-and-mouse game is variable and fast-moving, with many distinct cloaking methods---we construct a dataset identifying 2,933 real-world phishing kits that implement cloaking mechanisms. These kits use information from the host, browser, and HTTP request to classify traffic as either anti-phishing entity or potential victim and change their behavior accordingly.In this work we present SPARTACUS, a technique that subverts the phishing status quo by disguising user traffic as anti-phishing entities. These intentional false positives trigger cloaking behavior in phishing kits, thus hiding the malicious payload and protecting the user without disrupting benign sites.To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, we deployed SPARTACUS as a browser extension from November 2020 to July 2021. During that time, SPARTACUS browsers visited 160,728 reported phishing URLs in the wild. Of these, SPARTACUS protected against 132,274 sites (82.3%). The phishing kits which showed malicious content to SPARTACUS typically did so due to ineffective cloaking---the majority (98.4%) of the remainder were detected by conventional anti-phishing systems such as Google Safe Browsing or VirusTotal, and would be blacklisted regardless. We further evaluate SPARTACUS against benign websites sampled from the Alexa Top One Million List for impacts on latency, accessibility, layout, and CPU overhead, finding minimal performance penalties and no loss in functionality.
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