Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development
Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development
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DOI：
10.1037//0012-1649.36.2.220
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发表时间：
2000-03-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Harlan, ET
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kochanska, G;Murray, KT;Harlan, ET
本研究旨在探讨努力控制的历程、前因及其对社会发展的影响。行为多任务电池和父母评级评估努力控制在22和33个月（N = 106）。努力控制功能包括延迟、减慢运动活动、抑制/启动信号活动、努力注意和降低声音。在22到33个月之间，努力控制有了很大的改善，它的连贯性增加了，它是稳定的，而且女孩的控制力更高。行为和父母评价的指标趋于一致。孩子在9个月时的集中注意力，母亲在22个月时的反应能力，以及母亲自我报告的社会化水平都预测了孩子更大的努力控制。努力控制对同时发生的社会发展有影响。在22个月大的时候，更努力的控制与更多的控制愤怒有关，在33个月大的时候，与更多的控制愤怒和喜悦以及更强的克制有关。
The course, antecedents, and implications for social development of effortful control were examined in this comprehensive longitudinal study. Behavioral multitask batteries and parental ratings assessed effortful control at 22 and 33 months (N = 106). Effortful control functions encompassed delaying, slowing down motor activity, suppressing/initiating activity to signal, effortful attention,and lowering voice. Between 22 and 33 months, effortful control improved considerably, its coherence increased, it was stable, and it was higher for girls. Behavioral and parent-rated measures converged. Children's focused attention at 9 months, mothers' responsiveness at 22 months, and mothers' self-reported socialization level all predicted children's greater effortful control. Effortful control had implications for concurrent social development. Greater effortful control at 22 months was linked to more regulated anger, and at 33 months, to more regulated anger and joy and to stronger restraint.