Living cities: Towards a politics of conviviality-猫眼课题宝

活力城市：走向欢乐的政治

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2006

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S. Hinchliffe;S. Whatmore

在现代西方社会中，城市与自然之间的地图对立，城市生态学的概念似乎只不过是一个术语上的矛盾。但城市里的事情正在酝酿。从城市愿景和价值观中被抹去的空间和物种现在发现自己成为城市政策“绿化”的主题，这在英国至少在两个方面聚集了一些势头。第一，城市生物多样性开始被赋予曾经只有农村和人口稀少地区才具有的保护意义。以至于绿地和棕地之间的区别不再是生态价值的自动标志。在这一点上，科学的能量正在新的投资的重要性，所谓的“重组生态”（巴克，2000年）。这指的是通过密集的城市生活聚集起来的生物群落，而不是特定物种和栖息地之间离散和不受干扰的关系，这是保护生物学的主要内容。城市野生动物团体、业余博物学家、志愿组织，以及在城市中和城市中随处可见的动植物，都是城市空间和保护问题重新调整的关键参与者。第二，城市政策界越来越意识到这种“重组生态”对城市宜居性和公民身份与协会的重要性。这里的关键是，这种生态结构在多大程度上构成了公共产品或城市公地，包括公园和分配地等休闲空间;废弃铁路侧线和废弃土地等野生空间;以及水道和林地等残留空间。这种能量的聚集体现在对所谓的“城市绿色”的前所未有的政策投资上。良好的例子包括城市绿色工作队的报告（2002年）《绿色空间：更好的地方》（www.dtlr.gov.uk）;英文《自然》新杂志《城市生物多样性与人类文化》（2002年3月）和政府政策《科学即文化》第15卷，第2期，第123-138页，2006年6月

Against the cartographic opposition between cities and natures in modern western societies the idea of urban ecology has seemed little more than a contradiction in terms. But things are brewing in cities. The spaces and species that have been erased from urban visions and values now find themselves the subject of a ‘greening’ of urban policy that has gathered some momentum in the UK on at least two fronts. First, urban biodiversity is starting to be accorded the kind of conservation significance once reserved for rural and sparsely populated regions. So much so that the distinction between greenbelt and brown-field land is no longer an automatic marker of ecological value. In this, scientific energies are being newly invested in the importance of so-called ‘recombinant ecology’ (Barker, 2000). This refers to the biological communities assembled through the dense comings and goings of urban life, rather than the discrete and undisturbed relations between particular species and habitats that are the staple of conservation biology. Urban wildlife groups, amateur naturalists, voluntary organizations, no less than the highly visible animals and plants that make their way in and through cities, have been key players in this realignment of urban spaces and conservation concerns. Second, there is a growing sense in the urban policy community of the importance of this ‘recombinant ecology’ to what makes cities liveable and to the attachments of civic identity and association. Critical here is the extent to which this ecological fabric is constituted as a public good or urban commons, including leisure spaces such as parks and allotments; feral spaces such as abandoned railway sidings and derelict land; and remnant spaces such as waterways and woodlands. This gathering of energies has found expression in unprecedented policy investment in what has become known as the ‘urban green’. Good examples include, the report of the Urban Green Taskforce (2002) Green Spaces: Better Places (www.dtlr.gov.uk); English Nature’s new magazine Urbio on ‘urban biodiversity and human culture’ (March 2002) and the Government policy Science as Culture Vol. 15, No. 2, 123–138, June 2006

Living cities: Towards a politics of conviviality

活力城市：走向欢乐的政治

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