Some Geographical Aspects of Qatar
Some Geographical Aspects of Qatar
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卡塔尔的一些地理方面
DOI：
10.2307/1793379
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发表时间：
1960
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. C. Wilkinson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Johnstone;J. C. Wilkinson
卡塔尔半岛(当地称为加塔尔)占地约4000平方英里，像阿拉伯半岛的附录一样伸入波斯湾。虽然它是如此显著的地图特征，但值得注意的是，它的信息量有多小？在那里勘探石油之前就有关于它的信息。事实上，直到19世纪，卡塔尔的轮廓才能在欧洲地图上辨认出来。早期的地图通常显示两个较大的岛屿，其中有不同数量的较小岛屿，对应于巴林，对面的大陆只有轻微的隆起。由于航海家只知道半岛的北端，这条河(这条河上的al-Hasa村就是这个名字的变体)在萨尔瓦湾附近流入大海。位于巴林群岛的一个岛屿上。信息也可能被混淆，因为“巴林”一词既指大陆的一部分，也指岛屿本身。然而，在十八世纪末和十九世纪初的地图上，某些卡塔尔的名字是可以辨认的。在1794年的D‘Anville/Niebuhr地图上，有一个“Deh Rogn”(波斯语意为村庄)标在其中一个岛屿上。这可能就是“拉坎”(卡塔尔半岛的北端，对海员来说是一个突出的地标)。1765年的尼布尔地图(转载于在S.M.Zwemer，《阿拉伯，伊斯兰教的摇篮，1900》中的第110页没有显示Deh Rogn，尽管它显示了Huali和Faraha(al-Huwell a和al-Fareha)。在大陆上是“Khau”，它可能是Khor Hassan，以及上述河流流入的一个突出的河口；也许是Salwa海湾(或Salwa)。另一方面，书中没有提到卡塔尔，尽管尼布尔在他的《阿拉伯之旅》2中发表的海湾地图上标出了这个河口以东的土地：加塔尔。然而，他在这张地图上没有显示河流。凡德马伦博士1827年出版的地图集中，1：1641836比例的地图很好地显示了整个地区的详细情况。大陆上有四个地方被标记为一组，其中两个绝对可以辨认出来，就像卡塔尔的北端-科尔赫桑(Khor Hassan，今天称为al-Khuwer)和朱迈勒(al-Jumel)。我们能找到的第一个真正的半岛痕迹是在阿罗史密斯1825年的地图上。他展示了一个小半岛，上面标有西海岸的“Ras Reccan”，在这样形成的海湾里有两个标有巴林的小岛。温福图？事实上，整个区域相对于墨西哥湾的其他地区来说是如此之小，以至于这张地图与之前的尝试相比几乎没有什么改进。另一个值得注意的特征是：在尼布尔自己的地图和平克顿1815年的地图集上，珍珠滩轮廓的西端看起来可疑地像卡塔尔的粗略轮廓。也许旅行者对珍珠滩的描述比对陆地本身的描述更准确，而且由于这些珍珠滩位于陆地附近的浅水中，因此得出了半岛的大致轮廓。直到1822年，在沿Trucial海岸建立了更和平的条件后，印度海军才对这一地区进行了调查，到1825年4月，两艘勘测船Discovery和Ptice完成了对整个波斯湾西海岸的调查。然而，直到最近几年，卡塔尔的完整轮廓才被准确绘制出来，因为即使在1923年
The peninsula of Qatar (locally Gatar) covers an area of some 4000 square miles and protrudes into the Persian Gulf like an appendix to the Arabian Jazira. Although it is such a marked cartographical feature, it is remarkable how little infor? mation existed about it prior to the exploration for oil there. In fact, it is not until well into the nineteenth century that the outline of Qatar becomes recognizable on European maps. Earlier maps usually showed two large islands, with a varying number of smaller ones, corresponding to Bahrain, and only a slight bulge in the mainland opposite. A river on which was sited the "village" of al-Hasa for rather variants of the name) ran into the sea in the vicinity of where the Bay of Salwa should be.1 Since navigators only knew the north end of the peninsula, it is quite probable that this part was con? sidered an island of the Bahrain group. Information might also have been confused because the term "Bahrain" was used for part of the mainland as well as the islands themselves. However, certain Qatar names are recognizable on maps of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. On the D'Anville/Niebuhr map of 1794, there is a "Deh Rogn" (Persian deh meaning village) marked on one of the islands. This may be "Rakan" (the northern tip of the Qatar peninsula and a prominent landmark to seamen). The Niebuhr map of 1765 (reproduced opp. p. 110 in S. M. Zwemer, 'Arabia, the cradle of Islam,' 1900) does not show Deh Rogn, though it shows Huali and Faraha (al-Huwela and al-Fareha). On the mainland is "Khau," which might possibly be Khor Hassan, as well as a prominent estuary into which the above-mentioned river flows; perhaps the Bay of Salwa (or Salwa). On the other hand, there is no mention of Qatar, although Niebuhr on the map of the Gulf published in his 'Voyage en Arabie'2 marks the land east of this estuary: "Gattar." However, he shows no river in this map. The detail of this whole area is shown well on a map on the scale of 1:1641836 in an atlas published by Ph. Vandermaelen in 1827. Four places are marked in a group on the mainland, two of which are definitely recognizable as on the northern tip of Qatar-Core Hessan (Khor Hassan, today known as al-Khuwer) and Jumale (alJumel). The first trace of a proper peninsula we can find is on Arrowsmith's map of 1825. He shows a small peninsula on which is marked "Ras Reccan" on the west coast and in the bay thus formed are two small islands marked Bahrain. Unfortu? nately, the whole area is so minute in relation to the rest of the Gulf that the map is little improvement on earlier attempts. One other feature is worthy of note: in Niebuhr's own map and in Pinkerton's atlas of 1815, the western end of the outline of the pearl banks looks suspiciously like a rough outline of Qatar. It may be that descriptions of the pearl banks available to travellers were more accurate than that of the land itself, and since these banks lie in shallow water off the land, the result is a rough outline of the peninsula. It was only in 1822, after more peaceful conditions had been established along the Trucial Coast, that a survey of this area was undertaken by the Indian Navy, and by April 1825 tne two survey vessels Discovery and Psyche had completed their survey of the whole western coast of the Persian Gulf. 3 However, it was not until recent years that the complete outline of Qatar was accurately mapped, for even in 1923 the