European floods during the winter 1783/1784: scenarios of an extreme event during the ‘Little Ice Age’
European floods during the winter 1783/1784: scenarios of an extreme event during the ‘Little Ice Age’
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DOI：
10.1007/s00704-009-0170-5
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发表时间：
2010-03
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
R. Brázdil;G. Demarée;M. Deutsch;E. Garnier;A. Kiss;J. Luterbacher;N. Macdonald;C. Rohr;P. Dobrovolný;P. Kolář;K. Chromá
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文献类型：
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作者：
R. Brázdil;G. Demarée;M. Deutsch;E. Garnier;A. Kiss;J. Luterbacher;N. Macdonald;C. Rohr;P. Dobrovolný;P. Kolář;K. Chromá
1783年冰岛拉卡吉火山喷发之后是1783/1784年的严冬，其特点是欧洲大部分地区气温较低，土壤冻结，水道被冰封，积雪速度很快。突然变暖加上降雨导致积雪迅速融化，导致欧洲大部分地区出现一系列洪涝灾害。第一阶段的洪水发生在1783年12月底至1784年1月初，发生在英国、法国、低地国家和历史上的匈牙利。1784年2月至3月初的第二阶段更大程度上是由异常巨大的积雪和河冰融化所产生的，影响了整个法国和中欧的集水区(在那里，它仍然被认为是已知的最灾难性的洪水之一)，整个多瑙河流域和中欧东南部。第三次也是最后一次洪灾主要发生在历史上的匈牙利，发生在1784年3月底和4月初。上述洪灾在地方和区域范围内的不同影响和后果反映在经济和社会反应、物质损失和人员损失上。1783/1784年的冬天可以被认为是欧洲大部分地区小冰河时代的典型，尽管很严重。
The Lakagígar eruption in Iceland during 1783 was followed by the severe winter of 1783/1784, which was characterised by low temperatures, frozen soils, ice-bound watercourses and high rates of snow accumulation across much of Europe. Sudden warming coupled with rainfall led to rapid snowmelt, resulting in a series of flooding phases across much of Europe. The first phase of flooding occurred in late December 1783–early January 1784 in England, France, the Low Countries and historical Hungary. The second phase at the turn of February–March 1784 was of greater extent, generated by the melting of an unusually large accumulation of snow and river ice, affecting catchments across France and Central Europe (where it is still considered as one of the most disastrous known floods), throughout the Danube catchment and in southeast Central Europe. The third and final phase of flooding occurred mainly in historical Hungary during late March and early April 1784. The different impacts and consequences of the above floods on both local and regional scales were reflected in the economic and societal responses, material damage and human losses. The winter of 1783/1784 can be considered as typical, if severe, for the Little Ice Age period across much of Europe.