Weapon performance and contest assessment strategies of the cavitating snaps in snapping shrimp
Weapon performance and contest assessment strategies of the cavitating snaps in snapping shrimp
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2435.14190
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发表时间：
2022-11-09
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Patek, S. N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dinh, Jason P.;Patek, S. N.
动物为了争夺有限的资源而竞争。一旦参赛者确定对手拥有更大的资源持有潜力（RHP；相互评估）或一旦达到成本阈值（自我评估），他们就会放弃。竞赛行为表现的功能尺度研究可以告知评估信号、进攻能力和耐力如何与RHP相匹配，从而阐明每种评估类型的运作机制。在这里，我们进行了行为竞赛分析，以确定在捕虾（Alpheus heterochelis）竞赛中使用的评估策略。然后，我们使用了一种常见的竞赛行为的生物力学测量来告知评估可能如何运作。我们特别感兴趣的是捕捉虾的捕捉行为，在此过程中，捕捉虾会向内爆空化气泡（以下简称“捕捉”）向它们的对手开火。结果表明，异毛藻在竞争早期采用相互评价。然后，当他们开火时，他们会切换到累积评估——一种自我评估，参赛者承受自己的行为（如能量）和对手的行为（如伤害）所带来的成本。由于体型较大的个体往往会赢得比赛，我们随后测试了抓拍的最大性能和耐力是如何随体型而变化的。我们测量了响动的平均角速度，空化泡持续时间和响动的压力作为性能指标。我们测量了每个个体10次快照（n = 76）。从这一系列的10个快照中，我们计算了每个指标的最大值作为最大性能，并计算了10个快照过程中每个指标的损耗作为耐力的度量。最大性能随尺寸增加而增加，但耐力没有。这表明，捕虾的累积评估是由对手强加的成本驱动的。我们的结果与基于耐力的自我评价不一致；然而，这个实验并不能完全复制真实比赛中快速连续的抓拍。未来的实验应该更好地复制快速射击，以测试耐力是否在更相关的生态环境中起作用。我们整合生物力学和行为生态学的框架为更广泛地确定竞赛评估和动物行为的精确机制提供了途径。在《华尔街日报》博客上阅读免费的《简明语言摘要》。
Animals compete in contests over limited resources. Contestants forfeit once they ascertain that their opponent has greater resource-holding potential (RHP; mutual assessment) or once they reach a threshold of costs (self-assessment). Functional scaling studies of contest behaviour performance can inform how assessment signals, offensive capacity and endurance scale with RHP and thereby elucidate the mechanisms through which each of these assessment types operates. Here, we performed behavioural contest analyses to determine the assessment strategies used in snapping shrimp (Alpheus heterochaelis) contests. Then, we used biomechanical measurements of a common contest behaviour to inform how assessment might operate. We were specifically interested in the snapping behaviour during which snapping shrimp fire imploding cavitation bubbles-hereafter, 'snaps'-at their opponents. We showed that A. heterochaelis use mutual assessment early in contests. Then, when they fire snaps, they switch to cumulative assessment-a type of self-assessment where contestants endure costs from their own behaviours (e.g. energy) and their opponent's (e.g. injury). Because larger individuals tend to win contests, we then tested how the maximum performance and endurance of snaps scaled with size. We measured the average angular velocity of the snapping dactyl, cavitation bubble duration and pressure of snaps as metrics of performance. We measured 10 snaps per individual (n = 76 individuals). From this series of 10 snaps, we calculated the maximum of each metric as the maximum performance and the attrition of each metric over the course of 10 snaps as a measure of endurance. Maximum performance increased with size, but endurance did not. This suggests that cumulative assessment in snapping shrimp is driven by opponent-imposed costs. Our results are not consistent with self-assessment based on endurance; however, the experiment could not fully replicate the quick succession of snaps fired in real contests. Future experiments should better replicate the rapid firing of snaps to test if endurance matters in a more ecologically relevant context. Our framework of integrating biomechanics and behavioural ecology provides a pathway to identify precise mechanisms of contest assessment and animal behaviour more broadly. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.