Stratified Incentives and Life Course Behaviors

Stratified Incentives and Life Course Behaviors
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分层激励和生命历程行为

DOI:
10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_3
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发表时间:
2003
期刊:
--
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
J. Rosenbaum
J. Rosenbaum
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Takehiko Kariya;J. Rosenbaum

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心理学家观察到,美国青少年通常很难在学校或其他活动中投入精力(Erikson,1963; Keniston,1970)。虽然埃里克森和凯尼斯顿认识到,这种缺乏承诺是由于心理,人际,文化,经济和社会因素造成的,但心理学家通常专注于心理过程。例如,一本教科书将“身份障碍”确定为青少年后期成就低下的一个原因,推荐心理治疗技术来解决内部障碍,甚至没有考虑外部社会环境对这些行为的可能影响(Mandel & Marcus,1988,p. 299)。另一位心理学家说,青少年缺乏“职业成熟度”,这使得他们不愿意为了未来的职业而在学校努力学习(Crites,1976)。心理学家并不是唯一做出这种推断的人。在20世纪80年代,劳动经济学家有时解释年轻人的工作流动,说一些年轻人是不稳定和不成熟的(奥斯特曼,1980)。实践者经常会做出这样的推论。在20世纪90年代的采访中,我们听到高中老师和辅导员说,青少年是“现在导向”的,不能推迟满足感,不会为了未来的利益而努力学习。一位指导顾问报告说,“这些孩子不能计划下周六晚上的约会。”在许多这些帐户中,问题是在学生内部,它来自青少年生活阶段。这些解释很少提及社会背景。
Psychologists have observed that American adolescents often have difficulty committing themselves to efforts either in school or in other activities (Erikson, 1963; Keniston, 1970). While Erikson and Keniston recognize that this lack of commitment arises due to psychological, interpersonal, cultural, economic, and social factors, psychologists usually focus on intra-psychic processes. For instance, a textbook identifies “identity disorder” as one source of low achievement in late adolescence, recommends psychotherapeutic techniques to address the internal disorder, and does not even consider the possible influence of external social context on these behaviors (Mandel & Marcus, 1988, p. 299). Another psychologist says that adolescents lack “career maturity,” which makes them unwilling to work hard in school for the sake of their future careers (Crites, 1976). Psychologists are not the only ones to make such inferences. In the 1980s, labor economists sometimes explained youths’ job turnover by saying that some youth are unstable and immature (Osterman, 1980). Practitioners often make such inferences. In interviews in the 1990s, we have heard high school teachers and counselors say that adolescents are “present oriented,” cannot defer gratification, and will not work hard in school for future benefits. One guidance counselor reported, “these kids cannot plan beyond next Saturday night’s date.” In many of these accounts, the problem is inside students, and it comes from the adolescent life stage. These interpretations rarely mention social context.
日本高中毕业生从学校到工作的过渡
DOI: --
发表时间: 2009
期刊: 青少年期から成人期への移行についての追跡的研究JELS 第12集
影响因子: --
作者:
Katsuko MAKINO;Noriko KANIE;Yuka SAKAMOTO;Naoki OTAWA;Hiroaki MIMIZUKA;Yukie HORI
通讯作者: Yukie HORI