Urban residential greenspace and mental health in youth: Different approaches to testing multiple pathways yield different conclusions
Urban residential greenspace and mental health in youth: Different approaches to testing multiple pathways yield different conclusions
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2017.09.015
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Dimitrova, Donka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dzhambov, Angel;Hartig, Terry;Dimitrova, Donka
背景：城市绿地通过多种机制有益于心理健康。目的：比较单一的和平行的中介模型(估计不同路径的独立贡献)和几个假设从绿地到心理健康的路径中的串联中介成分的模型。方法：我们收集了保加利亚普罗夫迪夫市399名15-25岁的参与者的横断面调查数据。目的用归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、土壤调节植被指数、500m缓冲区内的树木覆盖密度和到最近的城市绿地的欧几里德距离来定义城市居住区绿地的“暴露”。还使用了自我报告的绿地可用性、准入、质量和使用情况的衡量标准。心理健康采用一般健康问卷进行测评。在单一和平行中介模型中，考虑了以下潜在中介因素：社区的恢复质量、社区的社会凝聚力、通勤和休闲时间的体力活动、道路交通噪音烦扰和感知的空气污染。对四个模型进行了系列中介成分的检验：(1)恢复性质量--GT；社会凝聚力；(2)恢复性质量-->；身体活动；(3)感知交通污染-->；恢复性质量；(4)噪声骚扰-->；身体活动。对于500米的缓冲区，单中介模型的检验表明，恢复性质量在NDVI与心理健康之间的关系中起中介作用。对平行中介模型的检验没有发现任何显著的间接影响。与理论一致的是，对系列调解模型的测试表明，较高的恢复质量与更多的身体活动和更多的社会凝聚力相关，进而与更好的心理健康相关。对于自我报告的绿地措施，通过恢复性质量的单一中介仅在绿地时间内显著，而在平行中介模型中没有通过恢复性质量的中介；然而，除了绿地质量外，所有的自我报告的绿地措施都通过恢复性质量和社会凝聚力/身体活动进行了系列调解。结论：统计模型可以充分解决绿地与心理健康之间理论上的相互依赖关系。如果这种因果关系成立，单独或平行测试中介可能会导致对特定路径的相对贡献的不正确推断，从而导致不适当的干预策略。
Background: Urban greenspace can benefit mental health through multiple mechanisms. They may work together, but previous studies have treated them as independent.Objectives: We aimed to compare single and parallel mediation models, which estimate the independent contributions of different paths, to several models that posit serial mediation components in the pathway from greenspace to mental health.Methods: We collected cross-sectional survey data from 399 participants (15-25 years of age) in the city of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Objective "exposure" to urban residential greenspace was defined by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, tree cover density within the 500-m buffer, and Euclidean distance to the nearest urban greenspace. Self-reported measures of availability, access, quality, and usage of greenspace were also used. Mental health was measured with the General Health Questionnaire. The following potential mediators were considered in single and parallel mediation models: restorative quality of the neighborhood, neighborhood social cohesion, commuting and leisure time physical activity, road traffic noise annoyance, and perceived air pollution. Four models were tested with the following serial mediation components: (1) restorative quality -> social cohesion; (2) restorative quality -> physical activity; (3) perceived traffic pollution -> restorative quality; (4) and noise annoyance -> physical activity.Results: There was no direct association between objectively-measured greenspace and mental health. For the 500-m buffer, the tests of the single mediator models suggested that restorative quality mediated the relationship between NDVI and mental health. Tests of parallel mediation models did not find any significant indirect effects. In line with theory, tests of the serial mediation models showed that higher restorative quality was associated with more physical activity and more social cohesion, and in turn with better mental health. As for self-reported greenspace measures, single mediation through restorative quality was significant only for time in greenspace, and there was no mediation though restorative quality in the parallel mediation models; however, serial mediation through restorative quality and social cohesion/physical activity was indicated for all self-reported measures except for greenspace quality.Conclusions: Statistical models should adequately address the theoretically indicated interdependencies between mechanisms underlying association between greenspace and mental health. If such causal relationships hold, testing mediators alone or in parallel may lead to incorrect inferences about the relative contribution of specific paths, and thus to inappropriate intervention strategies.