Vol. 17, No.7 Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics
Vol. 17, No.7 Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics
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卷。
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发表时间：
2002
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通讯作者：
J. O’Brien
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作者：
J. O’Brien
1979年《海洋研究》上出现了介绍性论文。Duing（1974）和Philander Ti“974）描述了GATE海洋学计划的实验原理和设计。Duing等人（1975）发现向西流动的南赤道流和向东流动的Ward赤道潜流存在大规模的弯曲。他们推断存在：波长为2600公里的长波，以1.9 m s-l向西传播。Horigan等人（1975年）报告了赤道大西洋东部两个月的流速计测量结果以及5天周期附近动能增强的证据。Weisberg，et al.（1979）提出了一个u.完整的报告。Katz等人（1977）报告说，纬向气压梯度在10 OW和35 OW之间具有明显的年度信号。这是一个重要的部分：理由f：或reu。>提出一些想法来解释几内亚湾的上升。在整个GATE海洋学报告出版之前，很难在这里完成。两个博士These are available可用. Crawf'ord（1976）测量了赤道暗流中的湍流能量耗散，Hallock（1977）建立了一个赤道风强迫波模型，以解释周期为16天的暗流的弯曲。赤道海洋一直吸引着海洋学家的注意力。几乎所有的中、大尺度海洋运动都受地球自转的影响，即科里奥利加速度。在赤道处，这种视加速度消失，并应用非常特殊的物理学。最引人注目的现象是上升流，它发生在一个狭窄的纬度带内，由于盛行东风（向西），沿沿着赤道几度。捕鲸者们在世纪前就知道，这种上升流及其高生物生产力创造了一条沿着搜寻鲸鱼的绝佳路线。气象部门已经确定了数据稀少的赤道地区，以供特别考虑，从而改善长期天气预报。由于地转Y”的破坏，传统的气压高度资料无法估计运动场。1974年夏天，GARP大西洋热带实验（GATE）进行了一项大型实验，以研究热带大气。在大多数GATE船上，进行了各种海洋学实验。美国的大部分贡献将于1979年发表在《研究》上，这里将不再报道。现在人们认为，了解年际气候变化的关键与大尺度海气相互作用以及赤道地区海洋与大气之间的空间遥相关有关。四年一度的太平洋实验（NORPAX）中进行了几项试点实验，但尚未在文献中描述。几个小组正在计划未来几年在赤道太平洋和大西洋进行实验，工作正在进行中。“V~此时在阿拉伯海进行的季风实验（MONEX）。本报告回顾了1975-1978年期间发表的论文。一个更令人兴奋的报告将在四年内发表。我们将参考其他几个关键文件，把最新的工作在一个长期的角度来看。引用了1979年被接受的几篇重要论文。希望这份报告能成为e：x：blog ~nts被conts. plated的背景入门。这篇评论由ocean组织，其中有一小部分是一般理论论文。在可能的情况下，将在适当的海洋章节中讨论这一理论。
Introduct ion papers wi~ appear in ~ Sea Research in 1979. Duing (1974) and Philander Ti"974) describe the experimental rationale and design f:or the GATE oceanographic program. Duing, et al. (1975) found large scale meandering of the westward flowing south equatorial current and the east'Ward flowing equatorial undercurrent. They deduced the presence of: a long wave of wavelength 2600 km propagating westward at 1.9 m s-l. Horigan, et al. (1975) report on two months of: current meter measurements in eastern equatorial Atlantic and evidence f:or enhanced kinetic energy near the 5-day periods. Weisberg, et al. (1979) have pUblished a u.>re complete report. Katz, et al. (1977) report that the zonal pressure gradient between 10OW and 35OW has a pronounced annual signal. This is an important part .of: the justification f:or the reu.>te f:orcing ideas to explain the Gulf: of: Guinea upwe~ing. It is dif:f:icult to be can.plete here until the entire GATE oceanography report is published. However, two Ph.D. theses are available. Crawf'ord (1976) measured turbulent energy dissipation in the equatorial undercurrent and Hallock (1977) built a model of: wind-forced waves at the equator to explain the meandering of: the undercurrent with a l6-day period. The equatorial ocean has alwa;ys captured the attention of oceanographers. Almost all mediumto-J.arge scale oceanic ~tions are dominated by the effect of the earth's rotation, the Coriolis acceleration. At the equator, this apparent acceleration vanishes and very special PhYsics apply. The ~st striking phenomena is upwelling that occurs in a narrow latitude band a few degrees vide along the equator due to the prevailing easterlies (westward vinds). Whalers have known for over a century that this upwelling and its high biological productivity create an excellent line along which to search for whales. The meteorology ca8unity has identified the data sparse equatorial regions for special consideration in possibilities to improve long range weather forecasting. Since geostrophY" breaks down, the traditional pressure-height data is unable to estimate the motion field. In the summer of 1974, a massive experiment, the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) was held to study the tropical atmosphere. On most of the GATE ships, various oceanographic experiments were perforlRed. Most of the U.S. contributions are to be published in ~ ~ Research in 1979 and vill not be reported here. It is now believed that the key to understanding interannual climate variations is linked to large scale air-sea interactions and spatial teleconnections between the ocean and the atmosphere in the equatorial regions. Several pilot experiments have been performed in the Borth Pacific Experiment (NORPAX) during the Quadrennial but have yet to be described in the literature. Several groups are planning experiments in the equatorial Pacific and Atlantic in the next few years and work is unde!"V~ at this time in the Arabian Sea under the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX). This report reviews the papers published during 1975-1978. A more exciting report will have to be vri tten in four years. We will refer to a few other key papers that put the latest work in a long range perspective. A few important papers which are accepted in 1979 are cited. Hopefully, this report will be a background primer for e:x:peri~nts being conts.plated. This review is organized by ocean with a small section on general theoretical papers. Where possible, the theory is discussed in the appropriate ocean section.