The relative abundance of birds on set-aside and neighbouring fields in summer
The relative abundance of birds on set-aside and neighbouring fields in summer
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夏季预留地和邻近田野上鸟类的相对丰度
DOI：
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Vickery
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
I. Henderson;Jonathan D. Cooper;R. Fuller;J. Vickery
总结
1.留出的是从正常密集作业中腾出的可耕地，通常在夏季提供相对稀疏、杂草丛生或以草为主的草地，没有农药或化肥投入。 因此，预留是潜在的吸引力，繁殖和觅食的鸟类，预计将有助于增加鸟类的生物多样性耕地或混合农田。留出模仿工业农场景观的心脏低密度农田，从而允许直接比较密集的作物就其各自的鸟类动物群的价值。
2.本研究比较了休耕地与邻近作物或草地的鸟类丰度。 该研究的一个特别重点是使用英国农场的广泛代表性数据，确定一系列农田物种的任何偏好的广度或普遍性。因此，在1996年和1997年期间，在英格兰的92个耕地上进行了一项关于鸟类利用田地（包括预留地）的广泛调查。每个农场在每年夏天访问四次，记录栖息地的详细信息，并使用标准技术绘制所有看到或听到的鸟类。
3.研究了鸟类功能群的场型偏好，这些鸟类功能群包括猎鸟、鸽子、乌鸦、云雀、画眉（Turdidae）和食谷雀（Passeridae、Fringillidae和Emberizidae）。 采用对数线性Poisson回归和成分分析方法分析了鸟类丰度与场地类型之间的关系。
4.两种分析都显示，对于所有六个功能组，预留上的鸟类丰度都显著高于冬季谷物，并且除了乌鸦（更喜欢草地）之外，所有功能组的旋转预留上的鸟类丰度都最高。 冬季谷物或草地通常是最不喜欢的栖息地。
5.在同时存在轮换和非轮换预留的农场中，除了乌鸦（它更喜欢非轮换预留）之外，所有功能组都最喜欢轮换预留。 这强调了预留草地组成之间的差异，影响鸟类数量。
6.结果表明，对于代表非雀形目、雀形目、食虫目和食草目的物种，英格兰农场的广泛代表性，在作物或草地上，对留出的广泛偏好。 对于大多数物种，这种偏好意味着预留被用作食物来源，这种偏好的规模令人印象深刻，因为大多数预留不是专门为鸟类保护而管理的。然而，并不是所有类型的预留同样利用鸟类，最强烈的偏好是自然再生旋转预留，而不是结构上更统一的非旋转预留。
7.这些结果不仅对可耕地农村的预留土地可能损失很重要，而且对今后农业环境计划的发展也很重要。 我们建议，为了扭转英国许多农田鸟类的数量下降，这些计划需要在广泛的地理范围内引入，比如留出，但也需要通过向农民提供建议，精心定制，以最大限度地发挥其支持鸟类物种的潜力。
Summary
1. Set-aside is arable land rested from normal intensive operations, usually providing, in summer, a relatively sparse, weedy or grass-dominated sward without pesticide or fertilizer inputs. Set-aside is therefore potentially attractive to breeding and foraging birds and is predicted to contribute to increased avian biodiversity on arable or mixed farmland. Set-aside mimics low intensity farmland within the heart of the industrial farm landscape, thereby allowing direct comparison with intensive crops regarding their respective values for the bird fauna.
2. In this study, bird abundance was compared between set-aside and nearby crops or grassland. A particular focus of the study was to identify the breadth or generality of any preferences across a suite of farmland species, using data from a broad representation of English farms. Thus, an extensive survey of birds utilizing fields, including set-aside, was conducted on 92 arable farms in England during 1996 and 1997. Each farm was visited four times in each summer, habitat details were recorded, and all birds seen or heard were mapped using a standard technique.
3. Field type preferences were examined across bird functional groups representing gamebirds, pigeons, crows, skylark Alauda arvensis, thrushes (Turdidae) and granivorous passerines (Passeridae, Fringillidae and Emberizidae). The relationship between bird abundance and field type was analysed using log-linear Poisson regression and compositional analysis.
4. Both analyses revealed that bird abundances were significantly higher on set-aside than on winter cereals for all six functional groups, and were highest on rotational set-aside for all functional groups except crows (which preferred grassland). Winter cereals or grassland were generally the least preferred habitat.
5. On farms where both rotational and non-rotational set-aside was present, preferences were strongest for rotational set-aside for all functional groups except crows (which preferred non-rotational set-aside). This underlines the differences between set-aside sward composition in influencing bird numbers.
6. The results show broad-scale preferences for set-aside over crops or grassland for species representing non-passerines, passerines, insectivores and granivores, for a wide representation of farms in England. For the majority of species, this preference implies that set-aside is utilized as a source of food, and the scale of this preference is impressive given that most set-aside was not managed specifically for bird conservation. However, not all types of set-aside were equally exploited by birds, as the strongest preferences were for natural regeneration rotational set-aside rather than the more structurally uniform non-rotational set-aside.
7. The results are important in the context of the potential loss of set-aside from the arable countryside, but also for the development of future agri-environmental schemes. We suggest that, to reverse population declines of many farmland birds in Britain, such schemes will need to be introduced on a wide geographical scale, like set-aside, but will also need to be carefully tailored, through advice to farmers, to maximize their potential to support bird species.