The p factor: Genetic analyses support a general dimension of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence
The p factor: Genetic analyses support a general dimension of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence
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p因素：遗传分析支持儿童期和青春期精神病理学的一般维度
DOI：
10.1101/591354
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Allegrini A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Allegrini A
研究背景儿童期的各种行为问题在表型上相互关联，这表明精神病理学的一般维度被称为p因子。儿童期精神病理学特征之间共享的遗传结构也支持遗传p。本研究系统地调查了这种共同维度在儿童期和青少年期的自我、父母和教师评价措施中的表现。首先，我们采用多变量双胞胎模型来估计常见的遗传和环境对p的影响，基于儿童，父母和教师在7岁，9岁，12岁和16岁时评定的行为问题（抑郁特征，情绪问题，同伴问题，自闭症特征，多动，反社会行为，行为问题和精神病倾向）的不同措施。其次，为了评估遗传和环境对p随时间变化的影响的稳定性，我们对四个年龄段中每个年龄段的儿童精神病理学指标的第一表型主成分进行了纵向双胞胎建模。第三，我们创建了一个遗传p因子在7,026个无关的基因分型的个人的基础上，8个多基因得分的精神疾病，以估计如何一般多基因易感性，主要是成人精神疾病与儿童p. ResultsBehavioral问题始终相关的表型和遗传跨年龄和评分。p因子基本上是可遗传的（50%-60%），并且在不同的年龄和评分者中表现一致。然而，共同因素模型中的残差变化也表明了独特的贡献。儿童期和青少年期p成分的遗传相关性表明随着时间的推移保持稳定（49%-78%）。一个多基因的一般精神病理学因素来自精神疾病的研究一致预测的一般表型P因子跨发展（0.3%-0.9%）。ConclusionsDiverse形式的精神病理学一般加载一个共同的P因子，这是高度遗传的。遗传对整个童年时期p的稳定性有很大的影响。我们的分析表明，成年期精神疾病的一般风险与儿童期的p之间存在遗传重叠，甚至在7岁时也是如此。p因子对基因组研究有着深远的影响，并最终对行为问题的诊断和治疗有着深远的影响。
BackgroundDiverse behaviour problems in childhood correlate phenotypically, suggesting a general dimension of psychopathology that has been called the p factor. The shared genetic architecture between childhood psychopathology traits also supports a genetic p. This study systematically investigates the manifestation of this common dimension across self‐, parent‐ and teacher‐rated measures in childhood and adolescence.MethodsThe sample included 7,026 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). First, we employed multivariate twin models to estimate common genetic and environmental influences on p based on diverse measures of behaviour problems rated by children, parents and teachers at ages 7, 9, 12 and 16 (depressive traits, emotional problems, peer problems, autism traits, hyperactivity, antisocial behaviour, conduct problems and psychopathic tendencies). Second, to assess the stability of genetic and environmental influences on p across time, we conducted longitudinal twin modelling of the first phenotypic principal components of childhood psychopathological measures across each of the four ages. Third, we created a genetic p factor in 7,026 unrelated genotyped individuals based on eight polygenic scores for psychiatric disorders to estimate how a general polygenic predisposition to mostly adult psychiatric disorders relates to childhood p.ResultsBehaviour problems were consistently correlated phenotypically and genetically across ages and raters. The p factor is substantially heritable (50%–60%) and manifests consistently across diverse ages and raters. However, residual variation in the common factor models indicates unique contributions as well. Genetic correlations of p components across childhood and adolescence suggest stability over time (49%–78%). A polygenic general psychopathology factor derived from studies of psychiatric disorders consistently predicted a general phenotypic p factor across development (0.3%–0.9%).ConclusionsDiverse forms of psychopathology generally load on a common p factor, which is highly heritable. There are substantial genetic influences on the stability of p across childhood. Our analyses indicate genetic overlap between general risk for psychiatric disorders in adulthood and p in childhood, even as young as age 7. The p factor has far‐reaching implications for genomic research and, eventually, for diagnosis and treatment of behaviour problems.