Gender and migration from Albania
Gender and migration from Albania
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DOI：
10.1007/bf03213734
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发表时间：
2010-11
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
G. Stecklov;C. Carletto;C. Azzarri;B. Davis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Stecklov;C. Carletto;C. Azzarri;B. Davis
本文探讨了移民性别构成变化的动态和原因，特别是女性获得移民机会和决策的机会。我们的分析重点是阿尔巴尼亚，它是研究国际移民的天然实验室，从二战末期到 20 世纪 80 年代末，该国基本上不存在向外移民的情况。人们对阿尔巴尼亚案例的兴趣之所以高涨，是因为移民开始时存在着复杂的不平等层次：劳动力市场和教育体系内的不平等程度相对较低（这是共产主义时代的产物），而家庭关系仍然深受传统和父权制的影响。我们使用阿尔巴尼亚 2005 年生活水平衡量研究的微观数据，包括自移民开始以来家庭成员的移民历史。基于离散时间风险模型，分析显示男性移民急剧增加，而女性在国际移民中的比例逐渐且不均匀地扩大。女性移民被证明与教育、财富和社会资本密切相关，并且似乎对经济激励和约束敏感。利用有关女性移民对家庭人口结构的依赖性以及女性移民对家庭层面冲击的敏感性的信息，我们展示了家庭层面的约束和激励如何对男性和女性移民产生不同的影响。然而，在此期间，妇女的移民行为似乎与家庭层面的因素更直接相关，并且几乎没有证据表明女性移民的增加表明阿尔巴尼亚妇女行为独立性的提高。
This article examines the dynamics and causes of the shift in the gender composition of migration, and more particularly, in women’s access to migration opportunities and decision-making. Our analysis focuses on Albania, a natural laboratory for studying international migration where out-migration was essentially nonexistent from the end of World War II to the end of the 1980s. Interest in the Albanian case is heightened because of the complex layers of inequality existing at the time when migration began: relatively low levels of inequality within the labor market and educational system—a product of the Communist era—while household relations remained heavily steeped in tradition and patriarchy. We use micro-level data from the Albania 2005 Living Standards Measurement Study, including migration histories for family members since migration began. Based on discrete-time hazard models, the analysis shows a dramatic increase in male migration and a gradual and uneven expansion of the female proportion of this international migration. Female migration, which is shown to be strongly associated with education, wealth, and social capital, appears responsive to economic incentives and constraints. Using information on the dependency of female migration to the household demographic structure as well as the sensitivity of female migration to household-level shocks, we show how household-level constraints and incentives affect male and female migration differently. Throughout this period, however, women’s migration behavior appears more directly aligned with household-level factors, and there is little evidence to suggest that increased female migration signals rising behavioral independence among Albanian women.