Evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom-forming fungi.
Evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom-forming fungi.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0064646
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Matheny PB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kosentka P;Sprague SL;Ryberg M;Gartz J;May AL;Campagna SR;Matheny PB
蘑菇形成的真菌产生各种各样的有毒生物碱。然而，旨在探索毒蛾碱(一种刺激副交感神经系统的毒素)和裸盖菇素(一种迷幻剂)进化的进化分析从未进行过。仅基于对北半球温带地区物种的分析，已知的毒蛾毒碱在Inocybaceae中的分类分布是有限的。在这里，我们回顾了在过去的50年里，毒蛾碱和裸盖菇素的检测在野草科植物中的应用。为了补充这些结果，我们使用LC-MS/MS(LC-MS/MS)来确定在30个新的山茶科植物样本中是否存在毒僵菌碱，其中大部分以前没有被检测过，或者来自热带或南半球的温带地区。我们的主要目的是验证这样一种假设，即毒蛾碱的存在是伊诺莎草科植物共同的祖先特征。此外，我们还对产生裸盖菇素的Inocyabceae物种是否为单系进行了检验。我们的发现表明情况并非如此。毒枭在几个场合都是独立进化的，也有过几次失败。我们还检测到至少两个不含毒毒碱的谱系向裸盖菇素产生状态的独立转变。虽然不是整个家族的祖先，但毒蝇是一个包容的支系的共同派生特征，它包含了猫草科七个主要支系中的三个(猫草科、裸子科和假精子科)，其共同祖先可能在大约6000万年前进化。因此，毒蝇代表了一种保守的特征，随后是最近的几次损失。从生产毒蛾碱的祖先向裸盖菇素的转变发生在1000万至2000万年前，当时毒蛾碱在两个不同的谱系中消失了。统计分析坚决拒绝单一来源的产生毒蛾碱的分类群。
Mushroom-forming fungi produce a wide array of toxic alkaloids. However, evolutionary analyses aimed at exploring the evolution of muscarine, a toxin that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, and psilocybin, a hallucinogen, have never been performed. The known taxonomic distribution of muscarine within the Inocybaceae is limited, based only on assays of species from temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Here, we present a review of muscarine and psilocybin assays performed on species of Inocybaceae during the last fifty years. To supplement these results, we used liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to determine whether muscarine was present in 30 new samples of Inocybaceae, the majority of which have not been previously assayed or that originated from either the tropics or temperate regions of the southern hemisphere. Our main objective is to test the hypothesis that the presence of muscarine is a shared ancestral feature of the Inocybaceae. In addition, we also test whether species of Inocyabceae that produce psilocybin are monophyletic. Our findings suggest otherwise. Muscarine has evolved independently on several occasions, together with several losses. We also detect at least two independent transitions of muscarine-free lineages to psilocybin-producing states. Although not ancestral for the family as a whole, muscarine is a shared derived trait for an inclusive clade containing three of the seven major lineages of Inocybaceae (the Inocybe, Nothocybe, and Pseudosperma clades), the common ancestor of which may have evolved ca. 60 million years ago. Thus, muscarine represents a conserved trait followed by several recent losses. Transitions to psilocybin from muscarine-producing ancestors occurred more recently between 10–20 million years ago after muscarine loss in two separate lineages. Statistical analyses firmly reject a single origin of muscarine-producing taxa.
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影响因子：
3.8
作者：
BROWN, JK;STUNTZ, DE;TYLER, VE
通讯作者：
TYLER, VE
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
EUGSTER, CH
通讯作者：
EUGSTER, CH
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Kropp, Bradley R.;Albee-Scott, Steven
通讯作者：
Albee-Scott, Steven
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Kropp, Bradley R.;Matheny, P. Brandon;Nanagyulyan, Siranush G.
通讯作者：
Nanagyulyan, Siranush G.
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
FAITH, DP;CRANSTON, PS
通讯作者：
CRANSTON, PS