ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE COMPLEX AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION IN AFRICA
ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE COMPLEX AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION IN AFRICA
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DOI：
10.1016/0035-9203(74)90035-2
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发表时间：
1974-01-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
WHITE, GB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
WHITE, GB
冈比亚复合按蚊遍布热带非洲及其近海岛屿。最近的研究表明，至少有6个神秘的或“兄弟”物种参与其中。它们包括2个咸水种，A. melasandA. merus，3种淡水种--暂称为A、B和C种，以及一种矿泉水种--称为D种。人工物种间杂交产生不育的杂交雄性。在自然界中杂交的罕见性证明了这6个物种之间的生殖隔离和有效的遗传障碍。形态鉴定的大多数个体的咸水和mineralwater物种是可能的幼虫和成年女性，使用meristic功能和其他变量的尺寸和比例。3个淡水种的鉴别几乎完全依赖于细胞分类学方法，A种和B种在大部分地区一起出现，向南延伸到亚热带纬度，向东延伸到毛里求斯。混合A-B种群的比例可能直接或间接取决于相对湿度，当夜间湿度接近饱和时，A更受欢迎。物种B通常不存在于湿度最高的地区，但在相对干旱的热带稀树草原和大草原上茁壮成长。C、D种为残遗分布。这两个咸水物种都是沿海的：黑拉斯在西非，merus在东非和除桑给巴尔以外的较大岛屿; merus也向内陆蔓延。除了C物种，它总是嗜动物的，所有的复合体成员都被证明或可能是人类疟疾和丝虫病的载体，但在它们的载体效率水平上有一些很大的差异。某些虫媒病毒（Tataguine、O 'nyong-nyong）的传播与种B有关，也可能与A有关。种B可能传播牛的丝虫病，黑丝虫和梅勒斯也可能携带地方性丝虫。gambiae sensu latois，这是由于这6个物种的不同生物学特征，以及它们不同的地理分布、行为对比和异步种群动态。物种平衡的变化经常发生在A和B之间以及淡水和咸水种群之间。物种C在自然条件下与B的交换不多，但在A或B的控制下可以在高密度下存活。另外的多功能性是由某些物种的遗传多态性引起的，特别是B。这是分布最广的一个种，根据其浮动染色体倒位的排列，个体雌性往往是嗜内或嗜外的，嗜食动物或食动物的，早咬者或晚咬者，毫无疑问还有其他的选择。必须分别考虑对每个兄弟种的控制措施。室内喷洒残留杀虫剂对嗜内种A可能足以打破疾病传播（假设辅助媒介的有利反应），甚至完全根除A。这种方法对复合体中其他物种的有效性因其外亲性而降低，这可以通过行为回避来增强，因为冈比亚s.l.成虫通常表现出极低的刺激阈值。种B的遗传多态性可能导致真正的行为抗性。对A和B种进行杀幼虫控制是有益的，但由于它们倾向于利用临时繁殖地，因此难以操作。DDT和环二烯杀虫剂的有效性进一步受到A和B种产生的生理性杀虫剂抗性的限制。适当控制这两种盐水物种，可能还有矿泉水物种，可以...
Anopheles gambiaecomplex mosquitoes are present throughout tropical Africa and its offshore islands. Recent work has shown that at least 6 cryptic or “sibling” species are involved. They comprise 2 salt-water species,A. melasandA. merus, 3 freshwater species—provisionally known as species A, B, and C, and a mineralwater species known as species D. Artificial inter-species crosses yield sterile hybrid males. Rarity of hybridization in nature proves the reproductive isolation and valid genetic barriers between these 6 species.Morphological identification of most individuals of both saltwater and the mineralwater species is possible for larvae and adult females, using meristic features and other variable dimensions and ratios. Differential identification of the 3 freshwater species relies almost completely on cytotaxonomic methods.Species A and B occur together in most areas, extending southwards to sub-tropical latitudes and eastward to Mauritius. Proportions of mixed A-B populations may depend directly or indirectly on relative humidity, with A favoured when nocturnal humidities approach saturation. Species B is often absent from areas of highest humidity, but thrives in relatively arid savannas and steppes. Species C and D have relict distributions. Both saltwater species are coastal:melasin West Africa andmerusin East Africa and larger islands except Zanzibar;merusalso spreads inland.Apart from species C, which is always zoophilic, all members of the complex are proven or probable vectors of human malaria and filariasis, but with some wide contrasts in their levels of vectorial efficiency. Transmission of some arboviruses (Tataguine, O'nyong-nyong) is associated with species B, and perhaps with A also. Species B may transmit setariasis of cattle; melas and merus may also carry enzootic filariae.Much of the confusing ecophenotypic plasticity ofA. gambiae sensu latois attributable to the differential biological characteristics of these 6 species with their dissimilar geographical distributions, behavioural contrasts and asynchronous population dynamics. Shifts in the species balance occur regularly between A and B and between freshwater and saltwater populations. Species C does not interchange so much with B under natural conditions, but may survive at high densities after control of A or B.Additional versatility is caused by genetic polymorphism in some of the species, notably B. This species is the most widespread, and individual females tend to be either endophilic or exophilic, anthropophagic or zoophagic, early biters or late biters, and doubtless other alternatives, according to the arrangement of their floating chromosome inversions.Control measures have to be considered separately for each of the sibling species. House spraying with residual insecticides against endophilic species A is possibly sufficient to break disease transmission (assuming favourable response of ancillary vectors) and even to eradicate A completely. Efficacy of this method against other species in the complex is reduced by their exophily, which can be enhanced by behaviouristic avoidance due to the extremely low threshold of irritability exhibited bygambiae s.l.adults in general. Genetic polymorphism of species B may lead to true behaviouristic resistance. Larvicidal control of species A and B is beneficial, but made operationally difficult by their tendency to utilize temporary breeding-sites. Effectiveness of DDT and cyclodiene insecticides is further limited by the development of physiological insecticide resistance by species A and B. Adequate control of both saltwater species, and probably the mineralwater species also, can …