The female-breadwinner well-being 'penalty': differences by men's (un)employment and country
The female-breadwinner well-being 'penalty': differences by men's (un)employment and country
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DOI：
10.1093/esr/jcad034
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发表时间：
2023-06-05
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Vitali，Agnese
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kowalewska，Helen;Vitali，Agnese
本文探讨了异性恋夫妇中女性养家糊口与生活满意度之间的关系。我们将男性的就业状况作为一个变量来解释而不是混淆这种关系，并通过对欧洲社会调查数据（第2-9轮）的回归分析来比较多个国家，从而扩展了以前的研究。结果提供了证据的女性养家糊口的福祉“惩罚”：男性和女性都不太满意他们的生活下的女性养家糊口的安排与双职工和男性养家糊口的替代品。如果男性伴侣从事非全时工作，则惩罚微不足道，但如果他失业，惩罚就相当大。然而，存在性别差异：在控制了组成、性别角色态度和伴侣的相对收入之后，对妇女的惩罚变得微不足道，而对男子的惩罚仍然很大。分析表明，这些性别差异与女性养家糊口的夫妇中男性失业率高有关：虽然女性似乎受到男性伴侣失业的不利影响与自己失业的影响大致相同，但男性在女性失业时的幸福感要比男性高得多。国家比较表明，虽然这种女性养家糊口的福利惩罚在更保守的环境中最大，特别是德国，但在整个欧洲相当普遍。因此，即使在妇女就业较为普遍、对男性养家模式的文化和体制支持较弱的国家，有养家妻子的失业男子也不能幸免于与其性别不一致有关的社会耻辱和心理困难。
This article examines the relationship between female breadwinning and life satisfaction in heterosexual couples. We extend previous research by treating the man’s employment status as a variable that helps to explain rather than confounds this relationship, and by comparing multiple countries through regression analyses of European Social Survey data (Rounds 2–9). Results provide evidence of a female-breadwinner well-being ‘penalty’: men and women are less satisfied with their lives under the female-breadwinner arrangement versus the dual-earner and male-breadwinner alternatives. The penalty is marginal when the male partner is part-time employed but sizeable when he is jobless. However, there are gender differences: after controls for composition, gender-role attitudes, and partners’ relative incomes, the penalty becomes negligible for women while remaining large for men. Analyses suggest these gender differences are linked to high male unemployment among female-breadwinner couples: whereas women appear roughly equally adversely affected by a male partner’s unemployment as by their own, men report substantially higher well-being when she is unemployed instead of him. Country comparisons indicate that while this female-breadwinner well-being penalty is largest in more conservative contexts, especially Germany, it is fairly universal across Europe. So, even in countries where women’s employment is more widespread and cultural and institutional support for the male-breadwinner model is weaker, unemployed men with breadwinner wives are not immune from the social stigma and psychological difficulties associated with their gender non-conformity.