Medical Applications of Glycomaterials.
Medical Applications of Glycomaterials.
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糖材料的医学应用。
DOI：
10.1002/adhm.202200096
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Hudalla,GregoryA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hudalla,GregoryA
碳水化合物是地球上最丰富的有机分子。共价连接的碳水化合物或糖链装饰着各种生命王国和病毒中发现的细胞表面，并在多细胞生物体的细胞外基质中大量存在。在人类生物学中，多聚糖几乎参与生活的方方面面，例如与缺乏多聚糖合成有关的许多疾病。一般来说，多糖可以细分为长的、经常重复的结构，称为多糖，或短的复杂结构，称为低聚糖。多糖是植物细胞壁和植物纤维(纤维素)、节肢动物外骨骼(甲壳素)、细菌生物膜(多糖胞间粘附素)和哺乳动物组织(糖胺聚糖)等的关键结构成分。例如，被称为透明质酸(HA)的糖胺聚糖在关节软骨和滑液中含量丰富，它在关节软骨和滑液中充当润滑剂、减震器、水分含量调节器和细胞黏附的接触部位。另一方面，寡糖通常被发现附着在蛋白质(即糖蛋白)或脂类(即糖脂)上，它们影响着它们所附着的载体分子的结构、溶解性和稳定性。低聚糖也是细胞间通讯的关键媒介，因为它们能够与一大类可溶性和膜锚定的蛋白质结合，称为凝集素。低聚糖的不同生物活性源于它们特殊的化学复杂性--在人类中发现的10种不同的单糖可以通过不同的碳或各种羟基形成的连接方式产生不同的六糖聚糖，从而导致不同的线状和分支结构，以及糖苷键的𝛼和𝛽立体化学。额外的糖链修饰，如甲基化、硫酸盐化、磷酸化和乙酰化，进一步扩大了这种化学多样性。天然来源的多糖作为医学应用的生物材料有着悠久的历史，而低聚糖作为生物制药的活性成分现在受到了相当大的关注。随着我们对葡聚糖理解的进步，以及用于识别、表征和合成葡聚糖的尖端新技术的发展，糖改性生物材料或糖材料出现了一个新的前沿。这个特别的部分，糖类材料的医学应用，提供了一个关于恶魔的文章集-
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules on Earth. Chains of covalently-linked carbohydrates, or glycans, decorate the surfaces of cells found throughout the various kingdoms of life as well as viruses, and are abundant within the extracellular matrices of multicellular organisms. In human biology, glycans participate in nearly all aspects of life, as exemplified by numerous disorders associated with deficient glycan synthesis. In general, glycans can be subdivided into long, often repeated structures, referred to as polysaccharides, or short, complex structures, referred to as oligosaccharides. Polysaccharides are key structural components of plant cell walls and vegetable fibers (cellulose), arthropod exoskeletons (chitin), bacterial biofilms (polysaccharide intercellular adhesin), and mammalian tissues (glycosaminoglycans), among others. For example, the glycosaminoglycan known as hyaluronic acid (HA) is abundant in articular cartilage and synovial fluid, where it acts as a lubricant, shock absorber, regulator of water content, and contact site for cell adhesion. Oligosaccharides, on the other hand, are generally found attached to proteins (ie, glycoproteins) or lipids (ie, glycolipids), where they impact the structure, solubility, and stability of the carrier molecule onto which they are attached. Oligosaccharides are also key mediators of cell-to-cell communication through their ability to bind to a broad class of soluble and membrane-anchored proteins known as lectins. The diverse biological activity of oligosaccharides arises from their extraordinary chemical complexity—the 10 different monosaccharides found in humans could give rise to∼ 1010 different hexasaccharide glycans by way of linkages formed via the anomeric carbons or various hydroxyls, which leads to different linear and branched structures, as well as the 𝛼 and 𝛽 stereochemistry of the glycosidic bond. Additional glycan modifications, such as methylation, sulfation, phosphorylation, and acetylation, broaden this chemical diversity even further.Naturally derived polysaccharides have a long and wellestablished history as biomaterials for medical applications, while oligosaccharides now receive considerable attention as active components of biopharmaceuticals. A new frontier of glycanmodified biomaterials, or glycomaterials, has emerged through advances in our understanding of glycans, coupled with the development of sophisticated new techniques to identify, characterize, and synthesize them. This special section, Medical Applications of Glycomaterials, presents a collection of articles demon-