60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: The hypothalamo-prolactin axis.
60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: The hypothalamo-prolactin axis.
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DOI：
10.1530/joe-15-0213
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发表时间：
2015-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Grattan DR
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作者：
Grattan DR
催乳素分泌的下丘脑控制不同于其他垂体前叶激素，因为它主要是抑制性的，通过来自结节漏斗多巴胺神经元的多巴胺。此外，催乳素没有内分泌靶组织，因此缺乏经典的反馈途径来调节其分泌。相反，它是由短回路反馈调节的，其中催乳素本身在大脑中起作用，刺激多巴胺的产生，从而抑制其自身的分泌。最后，尽管其名称相对简单，但催乳素除了在促进泌乳方面的决定性作用外，在体内具有广泛的功能。因此，下丘脑-催乳素轴具有许多与其他下丘脑-垂体系统截然不同的特征。这篇综述将提供一个简要的概述，我们目前的了解催乳素分泌的神经内分泌控制，特别是专注于在这个系统中的可塑性明显，它保持催乳素分泌在低水平的大部分时间，但使延长期的高催乳素血症时，必要的泌乳。除产奶外，还将讨论催乳素的关键功能，特别关注催乳素在诱导多个不同系统的适应性反应以促进泌乳中的作用，以及催乳素作用受损的后果。这种多效性活动的一个特征是，如果催乳素水平不适当地升高，可能在泌乳状态下适应的功能可能是适应不良的。总的来说，我的目标是提供催乳素神经内分泌学领域的历史和现状的味道，并确定一些令人兴奋的新领域的研究发展。
The hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion is different from other anterior pituitary hormones, in that it is predominantly inhibitory, by means of dopamine from the tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons. In addition, prolactin does not have an endocrine target tissue, and therefore lacks the classical feedback pathway to regulate its secretion. Instead, it is regulated by short loop feedback, whereby prolactin itself acts in the brain to stimulate production of dopamine and thereby inhibit its own secretion. Finally, despite its relatively simple name, prolactin has a broad range of functions in the body, in addition to its defining role in promoting lactation. As such, the hypothalamo-prolactin axis has many characteristics that are quite distinct from other hypothalamo-pituitary systems. This review will provide a brief overview of our current understanding of the neuroendocrine control of prolactin secretion, in particular focusing on the plasticity evident in this system, which keeps prolactin secretion at low levels most of the time, but enables extended periods of hyperprolactinemia when necessary for lactation. Key prolactin functions beyond milk production will be discussed, particularly focusing on the role of prolactin in inducing adaptive responses in multiple different systems to facilitate lactation, and the consequences if prolactin action is impaired. A feature of this pleiotropic activity is that functions that may be adaptive in the lactating state might be maladaptive if prolactin levels are elevated inappropriately. Overall, my goal is to give a flavour of both the history and current state of the field of prolactin neuroendocrinology, and identify some exciting new areas of research development.