A Signal-Detection-Based Diagnostic-Feature-Detection Model of Eyewitness Identification
A Signal-Detection-Based Diagnostic-Feature-Detection Model of Eyewitness Identification
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DOI：
10.1037/a0035940
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发表时间：
2014-04-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Mickes, Laura
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wixted, John T.;Mickes, Laura
从理论上理解目击证人指认警察阵容长期以来一直指导的绝对和相对决策策略之间的区别。此外，长期以来，人们一直使用诊断率（正确识别率除以错误识别率）等指标来评估与不同目击者记忆程序相关的识别准确性。根据信号检测理论，绝对/相对区分和诊断率都主要与反应偏差有关，而对诊断准确性或可辨别性的关键问题保持沉默（即，在一排嫌疑犯中区分无辜和有罪嫌疑犯的能力）。在这里，我们提出了一个基于信号检测的模型目击者识别，一个鼓励使用（并有助于概念化）接收器操作特性（ROC）分析来衡量辨别力。最近的ROC分析表明，在阵容中的脸的同时呈现产生更高的可辨别性比孤立的脸的呈现，我们提出了一个诊断特征检测假设来解释这一结果。根据这一假设，同时呈现的面孔允许目击者欣赏某些面部特征（即，那些被阵容中的每个人共享的）是内疚的非诊断。在某种程度上，那些非诊断性特征被打折以支持潜在的更多诊断性特征，将增强区分无辜嫌疑人和有罪嫌疑人的能力。
The theoretical understanding of eyewitness identifications made from a police lineup has long been guided by the distinction between absolute and relative decision strategies. In addition, the accuracy of identifications associated with different eyewitness memory procedures has long been evaluated using measures like the diagnosticity ratio (the correct identification rate divided by the false identification rate). Framed in terms of signal-detection theory, both the absolute/relative distinction and the diagnosticity ratio are mainly relevant to response bias while remaining silent about the key issue of diagnostic accuracy, or discriminability (i.e., the ability to tell the difference between innocent and guilty suspects in a lineup). Here, we propose a signal-detection-based model of eyewitness identification, one that encourages the use of (and helps to conceptualize) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to measure discriminability. Recent ROC analyses indicate that the simultaneous presentation of faces in a lineup yields higher discriminability than the presentation of faces in isolation, and we propose a diagnostic feature-detection hypothesis to account for that result. According to this hypothesis, the simultaneous presentation of faces allows the eyewitness to appreciate that certain facial features (viz., those that are shared by everyone in the lineup) are non-diagnostic of guilt. To the extent that those non-diagnostic features are discounted in favor of potentially more diagnostic features, the ability to discriminate innocent from guilty suspects will be enhanced.