College Chemistry Textbooks Aid and Abet Racial Disparity
College Chemistry Textbooks Aid and Abet Racial Disparity
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大学化学教科书帮助和助长种族差异
DOI：
10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00968
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
M. R. Nilsson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mona L. Becker;M. R. Nilsson
这项研究调查了2016年至2020年间出版的10本美国普通化学教科书中有色人种的代表性。平均而言，每320页的文本中就会出现一个有色人种，而每24页就会观察到一个白色人。教科书中有色人种的平均比例（12%）远低于美国普通人口（40%），大学人口（46%）和科学技术，工程和数学（STEM）劳动力（33%）的比例。在包括有色人种的图像中，26%的图像明确描绘了负面的刻板印象（例如，不干净、贫穷、生病、原始、无技能），只有31%描述了STEM活动。2007年，该研究中的几本教科书被报道含有种族偏见，但没有观察到改善的证据。为了理解种族偏见的持续存在，传记信息被用来阐明所有10本教科书共同拥有的8位科学家所持有的价值观。这八位全球知名的科学家包括奴隶制的终身支持者和奸商，人类改善基金会（一个促进强制绝育以“种族改善”的组织）的受托人，瑞典种族卫生协会的执行委员会成员，反犹太重婚主义者，以及现代优生学的倡导者。我们认为，普通化学教科书揭示了STEM中种族差异得以保留和发展的两种机制：（1）通过有色人种的隐形和负面刻板印象，以及（2）通过对促进种族主义意识形态的科学家的遗忘偶像崇拜。
This study examines the representation of people of color in 10 US general chemistry textbooks published between 2016 and 2020. On average, people of color appear every 320 pages of text, while white figures are observed every 24 pages. The average percentage of people of color in the textbooks (12%) is well below the percentage in the US general population (40%), college population (46%), and science technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce (33%). Of the images that do include people of color, 26% portray explicitly negative stereotypes (e.g., unclean, poor, sick, primitive, unskilled) and only 31% depict STEM activities. Several textbooks in this study were reported in 2007 to contain racial bias, but no evidence of improvement was observed. To understand the persistence of racial bias, biographical information was used to illuminate the values held by the eight scientists that all 10 textbooks have in common. These eight universally prominent scientists include a lifelong supporter and profiteer of slavery, a trustee of the Human Betterment Foundation (an organization promoting mandatory sterilization for “race betterment”), an executive board member of the Swedish Society for Racial Hygiene, an anti-Semitic bigamist, and a modern advocate of eugenics. We posit that general chemistry textbooks reveal two mechanisms by which racial disparity in STEM is preserved and advanced: (1) through the invisibility and negative stereotyping of people of color and (2) via an oblivious idolatry of scientists who have promoted racist ideologies.
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2020.0877
发表时间：
2020-06-24
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Wood, Sara;Henning, Jeremiah A.;Ballen, Cissy J.
通讯作者：
Ballen, Cissy J.