MORPHOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT IN PRIMATES - COMPARISONS WITH OTHER MAMMALS IN RELATION TO DIET
MORPHOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT IN PRIMATES - COMPARISONS WITH OTHER MAMMALS IN RELATION TO DIET
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DOI：
10.1002/jmor.1051660306
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发表时间：
1980-01-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
HLADIK, CM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
CHIVERS, DJ;HLADIK, CM
根据动物物质、果实和叶子的结构和生化特征，以及大多数物种在饮食中占主导地位的饮食适应被分为三类（动物食性、果实食性和叶食性）。主要以动物为食的哺乳动物有一个简单的胃和结肠以及一个长的小肠;食叶的物种有一个复杂的胃和/或一个扩大的盲肠和结肠;主要吃水果的哺乳动物根据水果的性质和它们倾向于用动物或叶子补充这种饮食而具有中间形态。食果类主要是灵长类：78种哺乳动物中有50种，180个个体中有117个是灵长类。肠道分化系数，即胃和大肠与小肠的比例（按面积、重量和体积计算），在食动物中较低，在食叶动物中较高;系数的持续传播反映了对这两种极端饮食的不同适应程度。种间比较是通过允许异速生长因子来进行的。在发酵最小的动物中，胃和大肠的体积与实际的身体大小有关;这些腔室在较大的食果动物和中肠发酵的食叶动物中体积更大;前肠发酵器显示出随着身体大小的增加容量显着下降。在食果动物中，吸收的表面积与代谢体的大小直接相关;在较大的食动物中，吸收面积相对较小，而在较大的食叶动物中，吸收面积较大，特别是那些胃大的食叶动物。肠道专业化指数来自这些回归的非线性变换，与发酵能力和吸收表面积的主要功能特性的参考。这些与饮食指数直接可比，来自于三维图上显示的定量摄食数据，所有物种都在从100%动物群食果到55-80%食叶的新月形路径内;这些至少可以说明灵长类动物从原始食虫形式到3个主要生态等级的进化路径。
Three categories of dietary adaptiation are recognized (faunivory, frugivory and folivory) according to the distinctive structural and biochemical features of animal matter, fruit and leaves respectively, and the predominance of one in the diets of most species. Mammals subsisting mainly on animal matter have a simple stomach and colon and a long small intestine; folivorous species have a complex stomach and/or an enlarged cecum and colon; mammals eating mostly fruit have an intermediate morphology according to the nature of the fruit and their tendency to supplement this diet with animal matter or leaves. The frugivorous group are mostly primates: 50 of 78 mammalian species and 117 of 180 individuals included in this analysis are primates. Coefficients of gut differentiation, the ratio of stomach and large intestine to small intestine (by area, weight and volume), are low in faunivores and high in folivores; the continuous spread of coefficents reflects the different degrees of adaptation to these 2 dietary extremes. Interspecific comparisons are developed by allowing for allometric factors. In faunivores where fermentation is minimal, the volume of stomach and large intestine is related to actual body size; these chambers are more voluminous in larger frugivores and mid-gut fermenting folivores; fore-gut fermenters show a marked decrease in capacity with increasing body size. Surface areas for absorption are directly related to metabolic body size in frugivores; area for absorption is relatively less in larger faunivores and more in larger folivores, especially those with large stomachs. Indexes of gut specialization are derived from these regressions by nonlinear transformation, with references to the main functional features of capacity for fermentation and surface area for absorption. These are directly comparable with the dietary index, derived from quantitative feeding data displayed on a 3-dimensional graph, with all species within a crescentic path from 100% faunivory through 55-80% frugivory to 100% folivory; these may illustrate at least for primates, the evolutionary path from primitive insectivorous forms through 3 major ecological grades.