Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in waters: occurrence, toxicity, and risk.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in waters: occurrence, toxicity, and risk.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10311-015-0524-4
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发表时间：
2015-12
影响因子：
15.7
通讯作者：
McDonald TJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cizmas L;Sharma VK;Gray CM;McDonald TJ
药品和个人护理产品 (PPCP) 是具有特殊物理和化学特性的化合物，可解决动物和人类健康问题。全球地表水和废水中均检测到 PPCP，其浓度范围为 ng/L 至 µg/L。 PPCP的生态毒性已在多种生物体中进行了研究，并采用多种方法评估环境中PPCP对生态健康的风险。在这里，我们回顾了水生系统中 PPCP 的发生、影响和风险评估，以及当前水生系统中 PPCP 污染管理方法的可持续性。主要观点如下： (1) 许多 PPCP 在环境相关浓度下存在潜在问题。 PPCP 混合物可能产生协同毒性。 (2)已采用多种方法进行PPCP在水生系统中的生态风险评估。这些方法有相似之处，但对于这些化合物的生态风险评估的最佳实践尚未达成共识。 (3) 水生系统中 PPCP 污染的人类健康风险评估普遍表明没有什么值得关注的。然而，目前缺乏关于废水和水生系统中抗生素污染是否会导致临床相关抗生素耐药细菌和抗生素耐药基因增加的信息。 (4) 在下个世纪，全球人口规模的增加和潜在的干旱可能会导致可用水量减少、对水回用的需求增加以及废水中 PPCP 浓度的增加。目前的废水处理方法并不能有效去除所有PPCP。再加上抗生素可能促进抗生素抗性细菌和抗生素抗性基因的发展，导致人们对全球供水可持续性的担忧。
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) are compounds with special physical and chemical properties that address the care of animal and human health. PPCP have been detected in surface water and wastewater in the ng/L to µg/L concentration range worldwide. PPCP ecotoxicity has been studied in a variety of organisms, and multiple methods have been used to assess the risk of PPCP in the environment to ecological health. Here we review the occurrence, effects, and risk assessment of PPCP in aquatic systems, as well as the sustainability of current methods for managing PPCP contamination in aquatic systems. The major points are the following: (1) a number of PPCP present potential concerns at environmentally relevant concentrations. PPCP mixtures may produce synergistic toxicity. (2) Various methods have been used for the ecological risk assessment of PPCP in aquatic systems. There are similarities in these methods, but no consensus has emerged regarding best practices for the ecological risk assessment of these compounds. (3) Human health risk assessments of PPCP contamination in aquatic systems have generally indicated little cause for concern. However, there is a lack of information regarding whether antibiotic contamination in wastewater and aquatic systems could lead to an increase in clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes. (4) Over the next century, the combination of increasing global population size and potential droughts may result in reduced water availability, increased need for water reuse, and increasing concentrations of PPCP in wastewaters. The current wastewater treatment methods do not remove all PPCP effectively. This, coupled with the possibility that antibiotics may promote the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes, leads to concerns about the sustainability of global water supplies.