Landslides, Ice Quakes, Earthquakes: A Thermodynamic Approach to Surface Instabilities
Landslides, Ice Quakes, Earthquakes: A Thermodynamic Approach to Surface Instabilities
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山体滑坡、冰震、地震：地面不稳定性的热力学方法
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
F. Fusseis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Regenauer‐Lieb;D. Yuen;F. Fusseis
岩石变形的总速率是由竞争变形过程产生的，包括延性和脆性机制。特定的变形方式是由于在不同的环境条件下某些机制相对于其他机制的主导地位而产生的。令人惊讶的是，我们发现自然变形岩石的变形速率集中在两个极端，即同震滑移速率或粘性蠕变速率。传统上使用经典岩石力学来解释这些不稳定性。这些方法考虑了能量守恒定律。我们建议更进一步，引入一种非线性的远离平衡的热力学方法，其中熵的核心和明确的作用控制着不稳定性。我们还展示了如何计算复杂地壳系统的这个量。该方法为以 10-3 至 10-9 s-1 的速率发生的自然变形过程提供应变率划分。我们使用山体滑坡、冰震或冰川涌动的例子来讨论这些过程。然后，我们将说明如何将源自这些近地表过程的力学机制应用于孕震地壳底部附近的变形，特别是慢地震现象。
The total rate of rock deformation results from competing deformation processes, including ductile and brittle mechanisms. Particular deformation styles arise from the dominance of certain mechanisms over others at different ambient conditions. Surprisingly, rates of deformation in naturally deformed rocks are found to cluster around two extremes, representing coseismic slip rates or viscous creep rates. Classical rock mechanics is traditionally used to interpret these instabilities. These approaches consider the principle of conservation of energy. We propose to go one step further and introduce a nonlinear far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic approach in which the central and explicit role of entropy controls instabilities. We also show how this quantity might be calculated for complex crustal systems. This approach provides strain-rate partitioning for natural deformation processes occurring at rates in the order of 10-3 to 10-9 s-1. We discuss these processes using examples of landslides and ice quakes or glacial surges. We will then illustrate how the mechanical mechanisms derived from these near-surface processes can be applied to deformation near the base of the seismogenic crust, especially to the phenomenon of slow earthquakes.