Oceanic internal waves generated by the Tongan volcano eruption
Oceanic internal waves generated by the Tongan volcano eruption
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汤加火山喷发产生的海洋内波
DOI：
10.1007/s13131-022-2056-7
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发表时间：
2022-08
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Xiaofeng Li
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Xudong Zhang;Xiaofeng Li
内波（IW）广泛分布在边缘海或大陆架（Liu等人，2013; Zhao和阿尔福德，2006; Zheng等人，2007年）。它们具有高达数百米的振幅和数百公里的波峰，并且显著地影响海洋环境（Wyatt等人，2019年; Zhang等人，2022年）。卫星图像由于其全球范围的观测能力和轨道上的多波段传感器，在研究国际水道方面发挥了至关重要的作用（Alpers，1985年; Apel等人，1976; Lindsey等人，2018年; Zheng等人，2001年）。据报道，IW世代通常与风、潮汐、地形和海流密切相关（Li等人，2008; Whalen等人，2020年）。大振幅长波峰IW通常由潮汐-地形相互作用、背风波机制、共振机制或边缘海内潮陡化产生（Xie et al.，2022年）。小规模IW是由羽流机制或沿海海洋区域的其他小规模扰动产生的（阿尔福德等人，2015;杰克逊等人，2012年）。然而，由于深海中强烈的色散效应，在开阔海域很少观测到国际水道。在这里，我们报告了2022年1月15日在太平洋西南部的汤加火山爆发所产生的IWS的第一次观察。汤加火山位于太平洋板块和印度-澳大利亚板块边界。板块碰撞导致了一连串的火山。2022年1月15日，水下火山Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai（20.57 S，175.38 W）爆发，持续了11小时。火山爆发向海洋释放了巨大的能量，引发了海啸，袭击了汤加周围的岛屿。日本的Himawari-8地球同步卫星图像捕捉到了火山喷发，火山灰喷向天空，造成大气冲击波在全球范围内涟漪。图1a中示出了一个示例。Himawari-8图像从Worldview下载，网址为https：//worldview。地球数据。太空总署欧洲航天局的哨兵-1号合成孔径雷达图像是在首次喷发后13小时获得的。合成孔径雷达图像（图1b）显示了火山喷发地点北方地区的IWs。合成孔径雷达可以观测到IW，因为它调制表面重力毛细波，并在合成孔径雷达图像上表现为亮-暗带（Alpers，1985年）。Sentinel-1 SAR数据由欧洲航天局提供，可在https：//scihub上查阅。哥白尼eu/dhus/#/home.观察到在不同方向上传播的清晰IW包。IW波峰的长度从不到20公里到67公里不等。北向传播的IW被Tofua岛隔开，形成了与南海东沙环礁IW相似的IW格局。交叉交互模式意味着这些信息流可能不会在单一来源产生。图2显示了使用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）和Sentinel-1图像（时间差约为5小时）对IWs的协同观察。干涉条纹的传播速度约为0.95 m/s。我们已在Sentinel-1 SAR图像上沿沿着获取了轮廓，如图2所示。红外线的特征波长在860.9 ~ 1530.4m之间，是红外线的典型波长。IW的波峰长度为67公里。
Internal waves (IW) are widely distributed at the marginal seas or continental shelves (Liu et al., 2013; Zhao and Alford, 2006; Zheng et al., 2007). They have an amplitude of up to hundreds of meters and wave crests of several hundreds of kilometers, and affect ocean environments significantly (Wyatt et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2022). Satellite images have played an essential role in studying IWs owing to their global-scale observation ability and multi-band sensors in orbit (Alpers, 1985; Apel et al., 1976; Lindsey et al., 2018; Zheng et al., 2001). IW generations are generally reported closely related to wind, tides, topography, and currents (Li et al., 2008; Whalen et al., 2020). Large-amplitude long-wave-crest IW is frequently generated by tide-topography interactions, lee wave mechanism, resonant mechanism, or internal tide steeping in the marginal seas (Xie et al., 2022). Small-scale IW is generated by plume mechanisms or other small-scale disturbances in coastal ocean areas (Alford et al., 2015; Jackson et al., 2012). However, IWs are rarely observed in open ocean areas because of the strong dispersion effect in the deep ocean. Here we report the first observation of IWs generated by a volcano, the Tongan volcano, eruption in the southwest of the Pacific Ocean on January 15, 2022. Tongan volcano lies on the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate boundary. The plate collision results in a chain of volcanoes. On January 15, 2022, the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai, an underwater volcano (20.57 S, 175.38 W), erupted explosively and lasted 11 h. The eruption released massive energy into the ocean and triggered a tsunami, which attacked islands around Tonga. The Japanese Himawari-8 geostationary satellite images have captured the eruption sending ashes into the sky and causing atmospheric shock waves to ripple globally. An example is shown in Fig. 1a. The Himawari-8 image was downloaded from the Worldview at https://worldview. earthdata. nasa. gov/.The European Space Agency’s Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image was acquired 13 h after the initial eruption. The SAR image (Fig. 1b) shows IWs in the northern area of the volcano eruption location. SAR can observe IW because it modulates the surface gravity capillary waves and manifests as bright-dark bands on SAR images (Alpers, 1985). The Sentinel-1 SAR data were provided by European Space Agency and are available at https://scihub. copernicus. eu/dhus/#/home. Clear IW packets propagating in different directions are observed. The length of the IW crests ranges from less than 20 km to 67 km. The north propagating IWs are separated by Tofua Island, forming IW patterns similar to the IWs in the Dongsha Atoll of the South China Sea. The cross-interactions patterns imply that these IWs may not generate at a single source. Figure 2 shows the synergy observation of IWs using the Moderateresolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Sentinel-1 images with a time difference of about 5 h. The propagation speed of IWs is about 0.95 m/s. We have taken the profiles along the black line on the Sentinel-1 SAR image, as shown in Fig. 2. The characteristic wavelength of IWs ranges from 860.9 m to 1 530.4 m, which is the typical value of IWs. The length of the leading IW wave crest is 67 km.
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影响因子：
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作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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