Topical issue on cold quantum matter
Topical issue on cold quantum matter
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冷量子物质的热点问题
DOI：
10.1140/epjd/e2011-20555-7
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Birkl G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Birkl G
自1995年首次观测到玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚以来，快速增长的超冷量子气体领域不断扩大其范围，并已成熟为一个独立的物理领域，位于传统的原子、分子和光学物理、量子物理、凝聚态物理、统计物理和化学物理之间的十字路口。在过去的几年里，我们见证了超冷原子气体中费米简并的证明，磁费什巴赫共振作为调整原子间相互作用的一种手段，观察到光学晶格中原子的莫特-绝缘体转变，以及在单一内部(振动、旋转和超精细)量子态中形成超冷分子，仅列举了一些开创性的结果。所有这些里程碑都是实验和理论工作密切相互作用的结果，这是这一交叉学科领域快速发展的关键因素。这一领域的成功是基于原子和分子系统在接近绝对零度的温度下的三个独特特征：第一，一方面通过使用先进的冷却和囚禁方法，以及通过应用量子态工程，一方面可以将原子和分子气体的熵降低到最小，另一方面，人们可以制备高保真的单个运动和内部量子态。其次，超冷气体中粒子之间相互作用的性质和强度可以在很大范围内进行调节，例如通过使用费什巴赫共振。因此，人们可以用受控的方式探索从不相互作用的气体到复杂的、强关联系统的转变。第三，所研究的系统的几何形状和维度几乎可以随意调整，这使得它成为可能，例如，研究相互作用粒子的一维物理，或者通过将原子和分子限制在晶格结构中来模拟固态系统中的关联。在该领域巨大机遇的激励下，欧洲科学基金会(ESF)协调了一项为期三年的EUROCORES“冷量子物质”计划，该计划的首字母缩写为EuroQUAM，召集了该领域的许多欧洲领导小组。选定项目的资金由参与的国家机构提供。该计划始于2007年，为新的联合努力提供了一个极好的平台，并在欧洲范围内促进了许多积极的合作。其中许多新项目刚刚开始开花，现在希望它们能够在EUROCORES计划的三年限制之后继续蓬勃发展。2010年9月在Ischgl举行的EuroQUAM关于“冷量子物质：成就和前景”的最后一次国际会议上的出色演讲和生动的讨论反映了网络中各参与组的开放和热情精神。为这一专题选择的主题是围绕EuroQUAM内部的六个合作研究项目，每个客座编辑都是其中一个项目的协调人：使用光学晶格中的冷原子的量子模拟；超冷原子的费米子混合物；亚稳原子量子气体中的受控相互作用；腔介体分子冷却；双碱分子的量子简并偶极气体；以及冷极性分子的碰撞。尽管与欧洲QUAM有这种联系，但按照EPJD关于…的重要性和新颖性的一般政策，对这一专题问题的论文征集是不受限制的
The rapidly growing area of ultracold quantum gases has steadily broadened its scope since the first observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in 1995, and has matured into an independent field of physics at the crossroads between the traditional areas of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Statistical Physics, and Chemical Physics. In the last few years, we have witnessed the demonstration of Fermi degeneracy in ultracold atomic gases, the identification of magnetic Feshbach resonances as a means to tune interatomic interactions, the observation of the Mott-insulator transition of atoms in a optical lattice, and the formation of ultracold molecules in a single internal (vibrational, rotational and hyperfine) quantum state, just to name some of the ground-breaking results. All these milestones resulted from a close interplay between experimental and theoretical efforts, which has been a key factor for the rapid progress in this interdisciplinary field. The success of this field is based on three unique features of atomic and molecular systems at temperatures close to absolute zero: first, the entropy of the atomic and molecular gases can be reduced to a minimum by the use of advanced cooling and trapping methods on the one hand, and by the application of quantum-state engineering allowing one to prepare single motional and internal quantum states with high fidelity on the other hand. Second, the nature and the strength of the interaction between the particles in the ultracold gas can be tuned over a large range, eg by using Feshbach resonances. Thus, one can explore the transition from a non-interacting gas to a complex, strongly correlated system in a controlled way. Third, the geometry and the dimensionality of the system under investigation can be adjusted almost at will, rendering it possible, eg, to investigate one-dimensional physics of interacting particles or to simulate correlations in solid-state systems by confining atoms and molecules in lattice structures. Motivated by the great opportunities of the field, the European Science Foundation (ESF) coordinated a three-year EUROCORES Programme on “Cold Quantum Matter” under the acronym EuroQUAM, assembling many European leading groups in the field. Funding of the selected projects was provided by the participating national agencies. The program, which started in 2007, has provided an excellent platform for new joint endeavours and has fostered many active collaborations within Europe. Many of these new projects have just started to blossom, and it is now hoped that they can continue to flourish beyond the three-year limit of the EUROCORES scheme. The open and enthusiastic spirit of the participating groups in the network was reflected in the excellent presentations and vivid discussions at the final international conference of EuroQUAM on “Cold Quantum Matter: Achievements and Prospects”, which was held in Ischgl in September 2010.The selection of topics for this Topical Issue is oriented along the six Collaborative Research Projects within EuroQUAM, with each of the guest editors being the coordinator of one of these projects: Quantum Simulation using Cold Atoms in Optical Lattices; Fermionic Mixtures of Ultracold Atoms; Controlled Interactions in Quantum Gases of Metastable Atoms; Cavity-Mediated Molecular Cooling; Quantum-degenerate dipolar gases of bialkali molecules; and, Collisions of Cold Polar Molecules. Despite this link to EuroQUAM, the Call for Papers to this Topical Issue was open to the general scientific community without restrictions, following the general policy of EPJD concerning importance and novelty of the …