Critical Zone services as environmental assessment criteria in intensively managed landscapes
Critical Zone services as environmental assessment criteria in intensively managed landscapes
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DOI：
10.1002/2016ef000517
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发表时间：
2017-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Kumar, Praveen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Richardson, Meredith;Kumar, Praveen
临界带（CZ）包括从植被冠层顶部到地下水位以下风化带发生的生物物理过程。CZ服务为从CZ过程中获得的商品和利益提供了一种度量。在集约化管理的景观中，农田通过人为的能源投入而改变，以获得比在自然条件下可能产生的更高的生产力，作为农产品。然而，改变景观剖面中CZ功能的实际成本是未知的。通过对玉米饲料和玉米乙醇的比较，我们表明，以货币形式对这些CZ服务进行估值，为表征农业生产系统中看似抽象的环境损害提供了更具体的工具。多个模型结合起来模拟养分在整个土壤系统中的运动，从而能够测量农业人为影响对CZ调节服务的影响。结果表明，通过土壤碳储存、碳呼吸和硝酸盐淋滤等测量的水质和大气稳定服务的成本可能是以前研究估计的排放量的两倍以上。除环境影响外，还评估了能源效率，以证明在考虑农业生产系统的整个生命周期时，如何有必要纳入CZ服务。这些结果表明，饲料生产系统比玉米乙醇更节能，环境成本更低。
The Critical Zone (CZ) includes the biophysical processes occurring from the top of the vegetation canopy to the weathering zone below the groundwater table. CZ services provide a measure for the goods and benefits derived from CZ processes. In intensively managed landscapes, cropland is altered through anthropogenic energy inputs to derive more productivity, as agricultural products, than would be possible under natural conditions. However, the actual costs of alterations to CZ functions within landscape profiles are unknown. Through comparisons of corn feed and corn-based ethanol, we show that valuation of these CZ services in monetary terms provides a more concrete tool for characterizing seemingly abstract environmental damages from agricultural production systems. Multiple models are combined to simulate the movement of nutrients throughout the soil system, enabling the measurement of agricultural anthropogenic impacts to the CZ's regulating services. Results indicate water quality and atmospheric stabilizing services, measured by soil carbon storage, carbon respiration, and nitrate leaching, among others, can cost more than double that of emissions estimated in previous studies. Energy efficiency in addition to environmental impact is assessed to demonstrate how the inclusion of CZ services is necessary in accounting for the entire life cycle of agricultural production systems. These results conclude that feed production systems are more energy efficient and less environmentally costly than corn-based ethanol.