Spatial patterns of past wood exploitation, natural wood supply and growth conditions: indications of natural tree species distribution by anthracological studies of charcoal-burning remains
Spatial patterns of past wood exploitation, natural wood supply and growth conditions: indications of natural tree species distribution by anthracological studies of charcoal-burning remains
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过去木材开采、天然木材供应和生长条件的空间格局：通过木炭燃烧遗迹的人类学研究表明天然树种分布
DOI：
10.1007/s10342-004-0049-z
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Wilko Nölken
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Ludemann;H. Michiels;Wilko Nölken
在接近自然的造林中，人们努力获得树种对不同生长条件的自然适应的优势。树种自然分布的证据是通过植被科学（最近的地面植被，原始森林遗迹），旧的书面来源的研究，花粉和宏化石分析。在这里，我们分析了木炭窑遗址的宏体化石样本和这些遗址附近的近期生态条件，以及关于森林和土地利用历史的二级书面来源。通过对窑址的木炭分析，我们正在寻找过去树种开发的空间模式，特别考虑到森林生长条件和天然木材供应的区域和地方差异。因此，我们选择了偏远的森林地区，其特点是高密度的窑址和生态条件的显着差异。样本地点的范围超过40公里的景观剖面，涵盖了许多生态网站类型。对181个后中世纪窑址的煤岩学结果进行了评价，考虑到两个空间尺度：总的40公里剖面和4公里的精细尺度剖面。从木炭物质的整体分析来看，在自然条件下所期望的树木类群都被找到了，被利用的类群的出现频率也反映了一种自然状况。木材的顶极植被，水青冈，冷杉和云杉，主要是使用和所有其他类群数量不重要。结果表明，个别网站的分类组成，从过去的树种分布的规则的空间格局推断出相当大的差异。这些区域和地方模式的原因是采样点附近生态条件的自然差异。与此同时，推断出我国森林天然树种组成的新迹象。木炭生产明显依赖当地的天然木材供应。没有发现树种选择或森林退化的迹象。
In close-to-nature silviculture one strives to derive the advantages of the natural adaptations of tree species to different growth conditions. Evidence of the natural distribution of tree species is obtained through vegetation science (recent ground vegetation, primeval forest relicts), studies of old written sources, and pollen and macrofossil analyses. Here we have analysed macrofossil samples of charcoal kiln sites and the recent ecological conditions in the vicinity of these sites, as well as secondary written sources on forest and land-use history. From charcoal analysis of kiln sites we were looking for spatial patterns of past tree species exploitation, with special regard to regional and local differences in the forest growth conditions and the natural wood supply. Therefore, we selected remote forest areas characterised by a high density of kiln sites and significant differences in the ecological conditions. The sample sites ranged over a landscape profile of 40 km, covering many ecological site types. The anthracological results of 181 post-medieval kiln sites were evaluated, considering two spatial scales: the total 40-km profile and a fine-scale profile of 4 km. Considering the charcoal material analysed as a whole, all of the tree taxa to be expected based on the natural conditions were found. The frequencies of the exploited taxa also reflected a natural situation. Wood of the climax vegetation, Fagus, Abies and Picea, was mainly used and all other taxa were quantitatively unimportant. The results for the individual sites showed considerable differences in taxa composition, from which regular spatial patterns of the past tree species distribution were deduced. These regional and local patterns are explained by natural differences in the ecological conditions in the vicinity of the sample sites. At the same time, new indications of the natural tree species composition of our forests are inferred. A pronounced dependency of charcoal production on the local natural wood supply is discernible. No indications of tree species selection or forest degradation could be found.