The Visual System in Teleost Fishes: Morphological Patterns and Trends
The Visual System in Teleost Fishes: Morphological Patterns and Trends
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硬骨鱼类的视觉系统：形态模式和趋势
DOI：
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发表时间：
1988
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Wullimann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Northcutt;M. Wullimann
在过去的二十年里，关于脊椎动物神经系统组织的信息大大增加，主要是受到追踪路径的新实验技术的推动(Nauta和Ebbesson 1970年；Cowan和Cuenod 1975；Hemer和Robards 1981)。这次实验的一个焦点是硬骨鱼的视觉系统(表21.1)。然而，这些研究大多集中在鲤形硬骨鱼上，特别是常见的金鱼Carassius auratus，它的视觉系统已被用作分析一般发育和可塑性问题的模型。或者，一种或另一种物种一直是机会主义分析的焦点，在这种分析中，一些特别发育良好的视觉特征有助于识别其生物学角色。作为第三种方法的系谱分析并不常见，而且通常缺乏严谨性。这种分析应包括以下步骤：(1)检查若干分类群中的字符；(2)识别字符的分布模式；(3)确定字符转换的极性(即，识别同源字符，并确定哪些是原始的-半同形的，哪些是衍生的--仿形的)；(4)关于这些转换及其潜在机制的假设的提出和检验。系统发育系统学的理论和实践(Hennig 1966；Eldredge and Cracraft 1980；Wiley 1981；Northutt 1984a，1985)似乎为此类分析提供了最严格的标准。
Information on the organization of the nervous system in vertebrates has increased tremendously during the past twenty years, primarily spurred by new experimental techniques for tracing pathways (Nauta and Ebbesson 1970; Cowan and Cuenod 1975; Heimer and RoBards 1981). One focus of this experimental flurry has been the visual system of teleost fishes (Table 21.1). However, most of these studies have focused on cypriniform teleosts, specifically the common goldfish, Carassius auratus, whose visual system has been adopted as a model in the analysis of general problems of development and plasticity. Alternatively, one or another species has been the focus of an opportunistic analysis, in which some particularly well-developed visual character facilitates recognition of its biological role. Phyletic analyses, representing a third approach, have been infrequent and usually lack rigor. Such analyses should include the following steps: (1) an examination of the characters in a number of taxa; (2) recognition of the patterns of character distribution; (3) determination of the polarity of character transformations (i.e., recognizing homologous characters and determining which are primitive—plesiomorphic—and which are derived—apomorphic); (4) formulation and testing of hypotheses regarding these transformations and their underlying mechanisms. The theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics (Hennig 1966; Eldredge and Cracraft 1980; Wiley 1981; Northcutt 1984a, 1985) appear to provide the most rigorous criteria for such analyses.