Déficits précoces de l'empathie et psychopathologie Early empathy deficits and psychopathology.
Déficits précoces de l'empathie et psychopathologie Early empathy deficits and psychopathology.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neurenf.2021.02.002
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发表时间：
2021-05-02
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Holvoet EC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Decety J;Holvoet EC
共情是一种复杂的社会认知能力，通过区分其情感、认知和动机维度，可以更好地理解它，这些维度从幼儿时期起就在儿童与其社会环境之间相互作用。迄今为止，在许多公认的影响共情发展的因素中，儿童的气质和父母的行为被认为是预测儿童表现出共情反应程度的相互作用。发展社会神经科学的最新研究揭示了参与构成移情的每个维度发展的神经网络，移情是引导社会互动和建立积极社会关系所必需的。事实上，早期移情过程的缺陷会导致社交困难，特别是与对他人情绪的关注减少有关，特别是当他们遭受痛苦时，悔恨和内疚程度较低，更倾向于忽视社会规范或破坏规则。社交障碍在两种众所周知的发育障碍中尤其明显：自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）儿童和品行障碍和冷酷无情特征（CU）儿童。本文通过探讨共情的潜在维度，特别是情感分享和对他人的关怀，对精神病理学和发育神经科学的最新实证研究进行了批判性和选择性的回顾。一些研究报告称，对于患有自闭症谱系障碍的儿童，他们对另一个处于困境的人的关注较少。然而，对ASD青少年进行的功能性神经影像学研究表明，情感维度似乎得到了保留，但缺乏情绪自我调节可能会损害他们体验共情关怀。有品行障碍和CU特征的儿童明显表现出自主神经系统对他人痛苦或痛苦的反应减少。这可能是他们无视或蔑视他人福祉和社会规范的原因。功能性神经影像学研究表明，15个月大时大脑活动的非典型模式可以预测以后严重的行为障碍。在患有CU的儿童中，参与情绪处理的神经区域，如前扣带皮层、脑岛和杏仁核，对引起共情的刺激的激活程度降低。最后，一些研究强调了CU性状的遗传性质。最后，我们提出了几种发展研究的途径，从早期开始识别生物标志物，并邀请人们相应地关注这些人群的心理干预。
Empathy is a complex social-cognitive ability that is best understood by distinguishing its emotional, cognitive and motivational dimensions, which from early childhood interact between the child and her/his social environment. To date, among the many factors that are acknowledged to influence the development of empathy, children’s temperament and parenting behaviors have been identified as interacting in predicting the extent to which children demonstrate empathic responses. Recent studies in developmental social neuroscience cast light on the neural networks engaged in the development of each of the dimensions that constitute empathy, which are needed to navigate social interaction and establishing positive social relationships. Indeed, early deficits in empathic processes can lead to difficulties in socialization, particularly associated with reduced attention to others’ emotions, especially when they are suffering, a lesser degree of remorse and guilt, and a greater tendency to ignore social norms or break the rules. Difficulties in socialization are particularly visible in two well-known developmental disorders: children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with conduct disorder and callous unemotional traits (CU). This paper provides a critical and selective review of recent empirical studies in psychopathology and developmental neuroscience by addressing the dimensions underlying empathy, specifically emotional sharing and caring for others. For children with ASD, some studies report that they pay less attention to another person in distress. However, functional neuroimaging studies conducted with ASD adolescents indicate that the emotional dimension appears to be preserved, but a lack of emotional self-regulation may impair them from experiencing empathic concern. Children with conduct disorder and CU traits clearly manifest a reduced autonomic nervous system response to others’ distress or suffering. This may account for their disregard or contempt for others’ well-being and social norms. Functional neuroimaging studies show that atypical patterns of brain activity at 15 months of age can predict later severe conduct disorder. Neural regions engaged in emotional processing such as the anterior cingulate cortex, insula and amygdala shown reduced activation to empathy-eliciting stimuli in children with CU. Finally, the genetic nature of CU traits is highlighted in several studies. We conclude by proposing several avenues for developmental research to identify biomarkers from an early age and by inviting to focus on psychological interventions with those populations accordingly.