Intensification of fragility: Poultry production and distribution in Bangladesh and its implications for disease risk
Intensification of fragility: Poultry production and distribution in Bangladesh and its implications for disease risk
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DOI：
10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105367
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发表时间：
2021-05-06
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Barnett, Tony
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hennessey, Mathew;Fournie, Guillaume;Barnett, Tony
家禽生产是营养食品和收入的宝贵来源，被认为是全球发展的重要组成部分。这对于孟加拉国等饥饿和儿童发育迟缓程度仍然很高的国家尤其重要。然而，在许多低收入和中等收入国家，家禽生产仍然以中小型企业为主，农场生物安全状况较差，与家禽和人畜共患疾病风险相关。我们旨在描述孟加拉国家禽生产的结构，以确定为传染病的出现、持续和传播创造风险环境的潜在结构因素和由此产生的做法。利用生产和分销网络 (PDN) 的概念，我们对文献进行了回顾，对关键信息提供者和利益相关者进行了 27 次深入访谈，并对家禽分销商进行了 20 次结构化访谈，以绘制孟加拉国家禽饲养、分销和销售的方式。研究结果表明，根据鸡的类型，可以在四个主要子网络的背景下考虑 PDN；广泛为本土肉鸡、杂交肉鸡、外来肉鸡和蛋鸡。这些子网络并不是孤立存在的；它们的事务节点（参与者和站点）是动态的，并且 PDN 内部和之间会发生大量交互。我们的研究结果表明，中小型家禽企业的增长是在“脆弱”企业内由缺乏经验和缺乏支持的生产者进行的，其中许多生产者缺乏降低疾病风险所需的系统升级水平的能力。可以努力解决已确定的结构性潜在因素，例如生产者讨价还价能力差以及缺乏独立信贷和赔偿计划的机会，以此作为降低 PDN 脆弱性并提高其抵御疾病威胁的能力的一种方法。有关 PDN 结构和功能的知识为更好地研究与牲畜相关的疾病风险的产生、缓解和后果提供了必要的基础，包括分析疾病出现和传播的潜在热点。
Poultry production is a valuable source of nutritious food and income and is considered a crucial part of global development. This is especially important for countries such as Bangladesh where levels of hunger and childhood stunting remain high. However, in many low- and middle-income countries poultry production remains dominated by small to medium scale enterprises operating with poor farm biosecurity associated with poultry and zoonotic disease risks. We aimed to characterize the structure of poultry production in Bangladesh in order to identify the underlying structural factors and resulting practices which create risk environments for emergence, persistence and transmission of infectious diseases.Using the concept of a production and distribution network (PDN), we conducted a review of the literature, 27 indepth interviews with key-informants and stakeholders, and 20 structured interviews with poultry distributors to map the ways which poultry are raised, distributed and marketed in Bangladesh. Findings indicate that the PDN can be considered in the context of four major sub-networks, based on the types of chickens; broadly indigenous, cross-bred, exotic broiler, and layer chickens. These sub-networks do not exist in isolation; their transactional nodes - actors and sites - are dynamic and numerous interactions occur within and between the PDN. Our findings suggest that the growth in small and medium scale poultry enterprises is conducted within 'fragile' enterprises by inexperienced and poorly supported producers, many of whom lack capacity for the level of system upgrading needed to mitigate disease risk. Efforts could be taken to address the structural underlying factors identified, such as the poor bargaining power of producers and lack of access to independent credit and indemnity schemes, as a way to reduce the fragility of the PDN and increase its resilience to disease threats.This knowledge on the PDN structure and function provide the essential basis to better study the generation, mitigation and consequences of disease risks associated to livestock, including the analysis of potential hotspots for disease emergence and transmission.