On the phylogenetic relationships among tetraphyllidean, lecanicephalidean and diphyllidean tapeworm genera
On the phylogenetic relationships among tetraphyllidean, lecanicephalidean and diphyllidean tapeworm genera
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1006192603349
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发表时间：
1999-02-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Healy, CJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Caira, JN;Jensen, K;Healy, CJ
本研究有两个主要目的：（1）建立一个广泛的、明确的性状和性状状态列表，这可能作为一个起点，甚至可能是一个模型，为所有绦虫分类群编制一个更完整的性状列表;以及（2）使用该特征列表来产生代表大多数四叶虫的物种之间的系统发育关系的假设，lecancephalidean和diphyllidean属。本文报道了四叶目48属、蜡蚧头目8属、二叶目3属、蛋白头目2属和锥鼻目2属各1种的标本，并进行了全标本和切片的光镜和扫描电镜观察。整理出120个形态性状表。使用PAUP* 和/或NONA进行了四次系统发育分析。第一个是一个全面的分析与56 tetraphyllidean和lecancephalidean物种作为内群和其余7种作为外群。第二个是分析的三个diphyllidean物种作为内群和两个proteocephalidean和两个锥鼻物种作为外群。第三部分是对蜡蚧科8个种和“四叶目”Echeneibothriumsp.和Pseudanthobothriumn.的分析。sp.作为内群和外群组成的7种作为外群在第一次分析。在第四次分析中，内群由14个钩状四叶虫（onchobothriids）组成，外群由第一次分析中用作外群的7个物种组成。这些分析的结果支持以下系统发育假说：双叶目是单系的，棘头绦虫n。sp.和Macrobothridium sp.之间的亲缘关系比与Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum之间的亲缘关系更近。四叶目、蜡扇头目和前头目之间的关系比它们与二叶目或锥喙目之间的关系更密切。该物种的分类地位是可疑的。lecancephalidean物种与一些四叶纲分类群的关系比这些四叶纲分类群与其余四叶纲分类群的关系更密切。Proteocephalideans似乎属于tetraphyllidean分支。“四叶纲”种Echeneibothrium sp.和Pseudanthobothrium n. sp.是蜡蚧头亚目的成员。“Discobothrium”的位置。sp.内lecancephalideans是可疑的。在四叶目中，非杯状种Litobothrium daileyi、Disculiceps galapagoensis和Cathetocephalus sp.是该类群最基本的成员。该科是单系的，因为它是目前定义。在钩槽兽科中，单室种是多室种的基部;单齿钩的种是多齿钩的种的基部。虽然叶槽虫科之间的关系。由于它们目前的定义，仍然没有得到很好的解决，Phyllobothriidae不是单系的，这些结果表明，一些方面的分类lecancephalidean和tetraphyllidean类群需要修改。然而，这种修订应基于进一步的分析，包括更广泛的代表性的属和种在这些群体。
This study had two main objectives: (1) to construct an extensive, explicit list of characters and character states that might serve as a starting point, and perhaps even a model, for the compilation of a more complete list of characters for all cestode taxa; and (2) to use this character list to generate a hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships among species representing most of the tetraphyllidean, lecanicephalidean and diphyllidean genera. Specimens of one species in each of 48 genera of tetraphyllideans, eight genera of lecanicephalideans, the three genera of diphyllideans, two genera of proteocephalideans and two genera of trypanorhynchs, were examined as whole-mounts and sections, with light and scanning electron microscopy. A list of 120 morphological characters was compiled. Four phylogenetic analyses were conducted using PAUP* and/or NONA. The first was a comprehensive analysis with the 56 tetraphyllidean and lecanicephalidean species as ingroups and the remaining seven species as outgroups. The second was an analysis of the three diphyllidean species as ingroups and the two proteocephalidean and the two trypanorhynch species as outgroups. The third was an analysis of the eight lecanicephalidean species and the "tetraphyllideans" Echeneibothrium sp. and Pseudanthobothrium n. sp. as ingroups and an outgroup consisting of the seven species used as outgroups in the first analysis. In the fourth analysis, the ingroup consisted of the 14 hooked tetraphyllideans (onchobothriids), and the outgroup consisted of the seven species used as outgroups in the first analysis. The results of these analyses support the following phylogenetic hypotheses: The diphyllideans are monophyletic and Echinobothrium n. sp, and Macrobothridium sp. are more closely related to one another than either is to Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum. The tetraphyllideans, lecanicephalideans and proteocephalideans are more closely related to each other than they are to the diphyllideans or the trypanorhynchs. The ordinal status of the lecanicephalideans is dubious. The lecanicephalidean species are more closely related to some of the tetraphyllidean taxa than these tetraphyllidean taxa are to the remainder of the tetraphyllidean tare. The proteocephalideans appear to belong within the tetraphyllidean clade. The "tetraphyllidean" species Echeneibothrium sp. and Pseudanthobothrium n. sp. are members of the lecanicephalidean clade. The position of "Discobothrium" n. sp. within the lecanicephalideans is dubious. Within the tetraphyllideans, the non-acetabulate species Litobothrium daileyi, Disculiceps galapagoensis and Cathetocephalus sp. are the most basal members of the group. The family Onchobothriidae is monophyletic, as it is currently defined. Within the onchobothriids, the uniloculate species are basal to the multiloculate species; the species with unipronged hooks are basal to the species with multipronged hooks. Although relationships among the phyllobothriids. as they are currently defined, remain poorly resolved, the family Phyllobothriidae is not monophyletic, These results suggest that some aspects of the classification of the lecanicephalidean and tetraphyllidean taxa require revision. However, such revision should be based on further analyses including a broader representation of the genera and species in these groups.