The Ecology of Pathogen Spillover and Disease Emergence at the Human-Wildlife-Environment Interface
The Ecology of Pathogen Spillover and Disease Emergence at the Human-Wildlife-Environment Interface
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-92373-4_8
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Blackburn, Jason K.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Alexander, Kathleen A.;Carlson, Colin J.;Blackburn, Jason K.
通过野生动物、牲畜、病媒和非生物环境的复杂（通常是看不见的）逐步溢出过程，新型疾病越来越多地出现在人群中。描述和模拟溢出界面是生态流行病学家如何应对新发传染病日益增长的全球负担的关键部分；但是，病原体生命周期和传播模式的多样性对生态学家和临床医生都提出了复杂的挑战。我们回顾了目前对溢出过程的理解，并提出了一个将溢出率和人际传播率与基本繁殖数（R-0）联系起来的框架。我们以重要传播途径的病原体（炭疽、埃博拉、流感和寨卡病毒）为例，阐述了外溢界面的关键方面，并讨论了对公共卫生和新发传染病管理的影响。
Novel diseases are increasingly emerging into human populations through the complex-and often, unseen-stepwise process of spillover from a combination of wildlife, livestock, vectors, and the abiotic environment. Characterizing and modeling the spillover interface are a key part of how eco-epidemiologists respond to the growing global burden of emerging infectious diseases; but the diversity of pathogen life cycles and transmission modes poses a complex challenge for ecologists and clinicians alike. We review our current understanding of the spillover process and present a framework that relates spillover rates and human-to-human transmissibility to the basic reproduction number (R-0). Using pathogens that exemplify important transmission pathways (anthrax, Ebola, influenza, and Zika), we illustrate key aspects of the spillover interface and discuss implications to public health and management of emerging infectious disease.