Rapid and large changes in coastal wetland structure in China's four major river deltas
Rapid and large changes in coastal wetland structure in China's four major river deltas
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中国四大河流三角洲滨海湿地结构的快速大变化
DOI：
10.1111/gcb.16583
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发表时间：
2023-01
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Xinxin Wang;Xiangming Xiao;Xi Zhang;Jihua Wu;Bo Li
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Xinxin Wang;Xiangming Xiao;Xi Zhang;Jihua Wu;Bo Li
滨海湿地提供了重要的生态系统产品和服务，但极易受到海平面上升、极端气候和人类活动的影响，尤其是大型河流三角洲的滨海湿地，被认为是河口环境变化的“天然记录者”。除了沿海湿地的面积（损失或增加）和质量（退化或改善）外，关于沿海湿地结构的资料（例如，斑块大小和数量）也是海岸带恢复和生物多样性保护的主要指标，但在中国四大河流三角洲仍然非常有限。在这项研究中，我们量化的总面积（TA）和斑块数量（PN）的时空动态不同大小的滨海湿地在4个三角洲和保护区（PA），并评估了1984-2020年期间的主要驱动因素的影响。我们还调查了保护区的有效性，通过比较TA和PN的沿海湿地之前和之后的几年，其中保护区被列为拉姆萨尔湿地。我们发现，在辽河三角洲和黄河三角洲，TA和PN都经历了巨大的损失，但最近在长江三角洲出现了复苏。珠江三角洲滨海湿地的总氮变化趋势相对稳定，而总氮则呈持续增加的趋势。围垦减少、生态修复工程以及入侵植物的迅速扩张等对滨海湿地结构产生了不同程度的影响。我们还发现，保护区是有效地阻止沿海湿地面积的减少趋势，减缓了填海的扩张，但保护区的成功正在抵消飙升的外来植物入侵。我们的研究结果为政府和公众提供了重要信息，以应对大河三角洲海岸恢复、管理和可持续发展日益严峻的挑战。
Coastal wetlands provide essential ecosystem goods and services but are extremely vulnerable to sea‐level rise, extreme climate, and human activities, especially the coastal wetlands in large river deltas, which are regarded as “natural recorders” of changes in estuarine environments. In addition to the area (loss or gain) and quality (degradation or improvement) of coastal wetlands, the information on coastal wetland structure (e.g., patch size and number) are also major metrics for coastal restoration and biodiversity protection, but remain very limited in China's four major river deltas. In this study, we quantified the spatial–temporal dynamics of total area (TA) and patch number (PN) of coastal wetlands with different sizes in the four deltas and the protected areas (PAs) and assessed the effects of major driving factors during 1984–2020. We also investigated the effectiveness of PAs through the comparison of TA and PN of coastal wetlands before and after the years in which PAs were listed as Ramsar Sites. We found both TA and PN experienced substantial losses in the Liaohe River Delta and Yellow River Delta but recent recoveries in the Yangtze River Delta. The coastal wetlands had a relatively stable and variable trend in TA but had a continually increasing trend in PN in the Pearl River Delta. Furthermore, reduced coastal reclamation, ecological restoration projects, and rapid expansion of invasive plants had great impacts on the coastal wetland structure in various ways. We also found that PAs were effective in halting the decreasing trends in coastal wetland areas and slowing the expansion of reclamation, but the success of PAs is being counteracted by soaring exotic plant invasions. Our findings provide vital information for the government and the public to address increasing challenges of coastal restoration, management, and sustainability in large river deltas.