The Role of Global/Regional Earth Conductivity Models in Natural Geomagnetic Hazard Mitigation
The Role of Global/Regional Earth Conductivity Models in Natural Geomagnetic Hazard Mitigation
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DOI：
10.1007/s10712-019-09579-z
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发表时间：
2019-12
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
A. Kelbert
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Kelbert
地磁扰动引起地球磁场的扰动，通过电磁感应原理，这反过来又导致电流在地球中流动。这些地磁感应电流（GIC）也进入接地的人造技术导体;特别是电报系统、海底电缆和管道，以及可能最重要的是，电网，其中电网变电站的Transformer接地作为GIC的入口点。流经Transformer的GIC的强度取决于多种因素，包括地磁扰动的时空特征、电网的几何形状和规格以及地球地下的电导率结构。强GIC对电网和其他基础设施是危险的;例如，它们可以严重损坏变压器，从而导致大面积停电。因此，极端空间天气对人造技术是危险的。极端地磁扰动现象，包括风暴和亚暴，及其对人类活动的影响通常被称为地磁灾害。在这里，我们提供了来自世界各地的相关GIC研究的回顾，并描述其共同和独特的功能，同时特别关注地球的电导率对GIC在电网中流动的影响。
Geomagnetic disturbances cause perturbations in the Earth’s magnetic field which, by the principle of electromagnetic induction, in turn cause electric currents to flow in the Earth. These geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) also enter man-made technological conductors that are grounded; notably, telegraph systems, submarine cables and pipelines, and, perhaps most significantly, electric power grids, where transformer groundings at power grid substations serve as entry points for GICs. The strength of the GICs that flow through a transformer depends on multiple factors, including the spatiotemporal signature of the geomagnetic disturbance, the geometry and specifications of the power grid, and the electrical conductivity structure of the Earth’s subsurface. Strong GICs are hazardous to power grids and other infrastructure; for example, they can severely damage transformers and thereby cause extensive blackouts. Extreme space weather is therefore hazardous to man-made technologies. The phenomena of extreme geomagnetic disturbances, including storms and substorms, and their effects on human activity are commonly referred to as geomagnetic hazards. Here, we provide a review of relevant GIC studies from around the world and describe their common and unique features, while focusing especially on the effects that the Earth’s electrical conductivity has on the GICs flowing in the electric power grids.