Flowering phenology and the interrelations between phenological stages in apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) as influenced by the Nordic climate
Flowering phenology and the interrelations between phenological stages in apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) as influenced by the Nordic climate
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受北欧气候影响的苹果树（Malus Domestica Borkh.）开花物候和物候阶段之间的相互关系
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. F. Remberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Rivero;A. Sønsteby;O. M. Heide;F. Måge;S. F. Remberg
摘要为了评估在何种程度上正在进行的全球变暖已经影响到在北欧气候的苹果树开花时间，我们研究了在挪威南部的果园树木开花物候。对70年（1946-2016年）栽培品种“Gravenstein”开花时间数据系列的相关性分析显示，开花物候期与4月至5月的热量积累密切相关（r =-0.98）。在过去的50年里，开花提前了16天，以应对温度上升。同样，平均而言，12个早熟品种在最近30年（1986-2016）中开花提前了9天。此外，研究了2013年和2014年相同品种的不同物候期与花形态建成之间的相互关系，并与花芽形成相关。花形态发生的不同阶段进行了鉴定，提出并作为一个基础，在一系列的解剖评估花芽发育。在积极生长的树木的刺花开始发生在7月下旬，约。8周后盛开，而在扩展芽，开始发生后，生长停止在8月，约2周后。在8月中旬的温度下降，正好与停止生长和开花开始在延长枝，这表明该过程可能是因果关系。结果表明，在北欧的气候，开花和启动新的花原基之间的时间是相当短的比在温暖的气候，这表明，该期间是只有轻微的长完成芽的生长，因此，及时开花。这可能是北欧凉爽气候条件下苹果树开花不规则和结果频繁发生的重要原因。所提供的信息可以是有用的，以确定正确的时间疏花疏果，以抵消两年期轴承。
ABSTRACT In order to assess to what degree the ongoing global warming has affected flowering time of apple trees in the Nordic climate, we studied flowering phenology of trees in an orchard in Southern Norway. Correlation analysis of a 70-year (1946–2016) data series for flowering time of the cultivar ‘Gravenstein’ revealed a close relationship of the flowering phenophase with April–May heat accumulation (r = −0.98). Over the last 50-year period, flowering was advanced by 16 days in response to the temperature rises. Similarly, on average for 12 cultivars of varying earliness, flowering was advanced by 9 days over the latest 30-year period (1986–2016). Furthermore, the interrelationship between various phenological stages and floral morphogenesis of the same cultivars in the years 2013 and 2014 was studied, and related to flower-bud formation. The different stages of floral morphogenesis were identified, presented and used as a basis for assessment of flower-bud development in serial dissections. Floral initiation in spurs of actively growing trees took place in late July, approx. 8 weeks after full bloom, whereas in extension shoots, initiation took place after growth cessation in August, approximately 2 weeks later. Decreasing temperatures in mid-August coincided with the cessation of growth and floral initiation in extension shoots, suggesting that the processes may be causally related. The results show that, in the Nordic climate, the period between blooming and initiation of new floral primordia is considerably shorter than in warmer climates, suggesting that the period is only marginally long for completion of shoot growth, and hence, timely floral initiation. This may be an important reason for the irregular flowering and frequent incidences of alternate bearing in apple trees in the cool Nordic climate. The presented information can be useful for determination of the correct timing of flower and fruit thinning to counterbalance biennial bearing.