The hawkmoth wingbeat is not at resonance
The hawkmoth wingbeat is not at resonance
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DOI：
10.1098/rsbl.2022.0063
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发表时间：
2022-05-25
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Sponberg, Simon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gau, Jeff;Wold, Ethan S.;Sponberg, Simon
飞行的昆虫在它们的外骨骼内具有弹性材料，如果它们的翅膀跳动频率与机械共振频率相匹配，则可以减少飞行的能量消耗。共振时的拍动可能是所有飞行昆虫必不可少的，因为小规模拍动飞行需要动力。然而，如果弹簧-机翼系统中的总机械能超过飞行肌肉系统的每周期工作能力，则在许多翼冲程上建立大振幅共振翼拍可能对控制有害。虽然昆虫飞行器的机械结构可以表现为共振系统，但昆虫是否以其共振频率拍打翅膀的问题仍然没有答案。使用以前的测量身体刚度的天蛾，天蛾，我们开发了一个机械模型的弹簧翼共振与气动阻尼和表征的天蛾的共振频率。我们发现，天蛾的wingbeat频率约为80%以上的共振，并保持这样时，占模型参数的不确定性。在这种情况下，天蛾可能仍然受益于弹性能量交换，同时通过频率调制控制空气动力。我们的结论是，虽然昆虫使用共振力学，调谐wingbeats到一个简单的共振峰是不是一个必要的功能，所有厘米级扑翼飞行器。
Flying insects have elastic materials within their exoskeletons that could reduce the energetic cost of flight if their wingbeat frequency is matched to a mechanical resonance frequency. Flapping at resonance may be essential across flying insects because of the power demands of small-scale flapping flight. However, building up large-amplitude resonant wingbeats over many wingstrokes may be detrimental for control if the total mechanical energy in the spring-wing system exceeds the per-cycle work capacity of the flight musculature. While the mechanics of the insect flight apparatus can behave as a resonant system, the question of whether insects flap their wings at their resonant frequency remains unanswered. Using previous measurements of body stiffness in the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, we develop a mechanical model of spring-wing resonance with aerodynamic damping and characterize the hawkmoth's resonant frequency. We find that the hawkmoth's wingbeat frequency is approximately 80% above resonance and remains so when accounting for uncertainty in model parameters. In this regime, hawkmoths may still benefit from elastic energy exchange while enabling control of aerodynamic forces via frequency modulation. We conclude that, while insects use resonant mechanics, tuning wingbeats to a simple resonance peak is not a necessary feature for all centimetre-scale flapping flyers.