20 Years of Ultrasound Contrast Agent Modeling
20 Years of Ultrasound Contrast Agent Modeling
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DOI：
10.1109/tuffc.2013.2533
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
de Jong, Nico
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Faez, Telli;Emmer, Marcia;de Jong, Nico
超声造影剂（UCA）的优点在20世纪60年代就已为人所知。然而，直到20世纪90年代，UCA才获得临床批准和上市。在这些年中，人们意识到UCA不仅是有效的超声散射体，而且其主要成分，涂覆的气体微泡，充当非线性谐振器，因此，能够产生谐波能量。已经报道了发射超声频率的次谐波、超谐波和更高谐波频率。这为它们的使用开辟了新的前景，并且已经开发了几种检测策略来利用这种谐波能量来区分造影剂气泡与周围组织。这一见解创造了一个需要的工具来研究涂层气泡在超声场的行为和第一个模型的开发。从那时起，20年过去了，在此期间，开发了广泛的UCA和UCA模型。虽然这些模型有助于理解涂层气泡的响应，但涂层的影响迄今尚未完全阐明，UCA模型仍在改进中。本文的目的是提供一个概述这些发展，并指出未来的研究方向。
The merits of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) were already known in the 1960s. It was, however, not until the 1990s that UCAs were clinically approved and marketed. In these years, it was realized that the UCAs are not just efficient ultrasound scatterers, but that their main constituent, the coated gas microbubble, acts as a nonlinear resonator and, as such, is capable of generating harmonic energy. Subharmonic, ultraharmonic, and higher harmonic frequencies of the transmitted ultrasound frequency have been reported. This opened up new prospects for their use and several detection strategies have been developed to exploit this harmonic energy to discriminate the contrast bubbles from surrounding tissue. This insight created a need for tools to study coated bubble behavior in an ultrasound field and the first models were developed. Since then, 20 years have elapsed, in which a broad range of UCAs and UCA models have been developed. Although the models have helped in understanding the responses of coated bubbles, the influence of the coating has not been fully elucidated to date and UCA models are still being improved. The aim of this review paper is to offer an overview in these developments and indicate future directions for research.