Skilful force control in expert pianists
Skilful force control in expert pianists
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DOI：
10.1007/s00221-017-4926-3
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发表时间：
2017-05-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Furuya, Shinichi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Oku, Takanori;Furuya, Shinichi
在手术、手工制作和音乐表演等熟练行为中，灵巧的物体操纵包括用手指快速、准确和有效地控制力。演奏乐器的一个挑战是需要独立控制力量产生的大小和速度，这通常随着音量和节奏的不同而变化。然而，专业音乐家如何熟练地控制手指力量，以产生具有广泛响度和节奏的音调，还是个未知数。在这里，我们通过比较钢琴家和未受过音乐训练的人在重复和同时敲击钢琴时力量的时空特征的变化与音量和节奏的关系来解决这个问题。两组的最大降键速度均随音量变化而不随节奏变化，但钢琴演奏者的压键力峰值和冲量均小于非音乐者，尤其是在发出响亮的音调时，这表明训练者的能量效率更高。与非音乐家相比，钢琴家在所有音量水平下敲击时的压键力量更为一致，但仅在慢节奏下，证实了专业知识对精确力量控制的依赖。回归分析表明，在受过训练的钢琴演奏者中，以最快的节奏演奏时，击键速度的个体差异与按键时的力冲动负相关，而不是仅在最响亮的音调时与峰值力负相关。这表明，按键后力量的迅速减少在重复钢琴击键的相当快的演奏中起到了作用。
Dexterous object manipulation in skilful behaviours such as surgery, craft making, and musical performance involves fast, precise, and efficient control of force with the fingers. A challenge in playing musical instruments is the requirement of independent control of the magnitude and rate of force production, which typically vary in relation to loudness and tempo. However, it is unknown how expert musicians skilfully control finger force to elicit tones with a wide range of loudness and tempi. Here, we addressed this issue by comparing the variation of spatiotemporal characteristics of force during repetitive and simultaneous piano keystrokes in relation to the loudness and tempo between pianists and musically untrained individuals. While the peak key-descending velocity varied with loudness but not with tempo in both groups, the peak and impulse of the key-depressing force were smaller in pianists than in the non-musicians, specifically when eliciting loud tones, suggesting superior energetic efficiency in the trained individuals. The key-depressing force was more consistent across strikes in pianists than in the non-musicians at all loudness levels but only at slow tempi, confirming expertise-dependency of precise force control. A regression analysis demonstrated that individual differences in the keystroke rates when playing at the fastest tempo across the trained pianists were negatively associated with the force impulse during the key depression but not with the peak force only at the loudest tone. This suggests that rapid reductions of force following the key depression plays a role in considerably fast performance of repetitive piano keystrokes.